Chapter 1- Major Themes of Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards
(74 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
the study of structure
2
Q
Physiology
A
the study of function
3
Q
inspection
A
looking at the body’s appearance
4
Q
palpation
A
feeling the structure with hands
5
Q
auscultation
A
listening to natural sounds made bu the body, such as heart and lung sounds
6
Q
percussion
A
the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens to the emitted sounds
7
Q
dissection
A
carefully cutting and separating tissues to reveal their relationship
8
Q
comparative anatomy
A
the study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends
9
Q
exploratory surgery
A
opening the body and taking a look inside to see what was wrong ad what could be done about it
10
Q
medical imaging techniques
A
methods of viewing the inside of the body without surgery
11
Q
radiology
A
the branch of medicine concerned with imaging
12
Q
gross anatomy
A
structure that can be seen with the naked eye
13
Q
histo
A
tissue
14
Q
ultrastructure
A
refers to fine detail, down to the molecular level revealed by the electron microscope
15
Q
palp
A
touch, feel
16
Q
ation
A
process
17
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auscult
A
listen
18
Q
ana
A
apart
19
Q
tom
A
cut
20
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dis
A
apart
21
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sect
A
cut
22
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cadere
A
to fall down and die
23
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logy
A
study of
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cyto
A
cell
25
physio
nature
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comparative physiology
the study of how different species ave solved problems of life such as water balance, respiration and reproduction
27
hippocrates
c. 460- c. 375 BCE greek physician and considered to be the father of medicine. He established a code of ethics for physicians and urged physicians to stop attributing disease to activities of gods and demons and to seek their natural causes
28
Aristotle
384 - 322 BCE one of the first philosophers to write about anatomy and physiology
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Claudius Galen
129 - c. 200 physician to the roman gladiators, wrote the most influential medical textbook of the ancient era
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Andreas Vesalius
1514-64 famous for dissections and published the first atlas of anatomy
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William Harvey
1578-1657 remembered for his studies of blood circulation
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Robert Hooke
1635-1703 designed scientific instruments of various kinds
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Antony van Leeuwenhoek
1632-1723 invented a simple microscope
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Matthias Schleiden (1804-81) & Theodor Schwann (1810 -82)
concluded that all organisms were composed of cells which became of first tenant of cell theory
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Francis Bacon (1561-1626) & Rene Descartes (1596-1650)
are credited for putting science on the path to modernity
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inductive method
process of making numerous observations until one fells confident in drawing generalizations and predication from them
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scientific fact
information that can be independently verified by any trained person
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law of nature
generalization about the predictable ways in which matter ad energy behave
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theory
explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses
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Charles Darwin (1809- 82)
most influential biologist who ever lived
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evolution
change in the genetic composition of a population os organisms
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natural selection
some individuals have hereditary over their competitors
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selection pressures
natural forces that promote the reproductive success of some individuals more than others
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adaptations
features of anatomy, physiology, and behavior that evolve in response to these selection pressures
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scop
vision
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organism
single, complete individual
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organ system
group of organs with a unique collective function
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organ
structure composed of two or more tissue types that work together to carry out a particular function
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tissue
a mass of similar cells and cell products that forms a discrete region of n organ and performs a specific function
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cells
smallest units of an organism that carry out all the basic functions of life
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organelles
microscopic structures in a cell that carryout individual functions
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molecule
particle composed of at least two atoms
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atoms
the smallest particles with unique chemical identities
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reductionism
the theory that a large, complex system such as the human body can be understood by studying its simpler components
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what are the characteristics of life?
organization, cellular composition (living things have 1 + cells), metabolism, responsiveness and movement (the ability to sense and react to stimuli), reproduction, and evolution
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homeostasis
the body's ability to detect change, activate mechanisms that oppose it, and thereby maintain relatively stable internal conditions
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dynamic equilibrium
there is a certain set point for a given variable and conditions fluctuate slightly around that
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negative feedback
the process in which the body senses a change and activates mechanisms that negate or reverse it
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receptor
structure that senses changes in the body
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integrating (control) center
a mechanism that processes information, relates it to other available information, and makes a decision about what the appropriate response should be
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effector
cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action
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positive feedback
self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to even greater change in the same direction
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physiological gradient
a difference in chemical concentration, electrical change, physical pressure, temperature or other variable between one point and another
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eponyms
terms coined from the names of people
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word root (stem)
has the core meaning of the word
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combining vowel
join roots and make words easier to pronounce
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prefix
may be present to modify the core meaning of the word
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suffix
added to the end of a word to modify its core meaning
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unity of form and function
form and function complement each other; physiology cannot be divorced from anatomy
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cell theory
all structure and function result from the activity of cells
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evolution
the human body is the product of evolution
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hierarchy of complexity
human structure can be viewed as a series of levels of complexity
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homeostasis
the purpose of most normal physiology is to maintain stable condition within the body
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gradients and flow
matter and energy tend to flow down gradients such as differences in chemical concentration, pressure, temperature, and electrical charge. This accounts for much of their movement n human physiology.
