Chapter 1 Matter, Measurements & Problem Solving

Question 1

molecules

Answer 1

atoms that bond together

ex: CO2

Question 2

Chemistry

Answer 2

understanding the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules

Question 3

Empirical

Answer 3

based on observation and experiments

Question 4

Qualitative

Answer 4

describing how and experiment happens

Question 5

Quantitative

Answer 5

measuring the data

Question 6

Hypothesis

Answer 6

tentative interpreation/ explanation of observation

-falsifiable: confirmed or refuted

Question 7

Experiments

Answer 7

highly controlled procedures designed to generate observations that can confirm/deny hypothesis

Question 8

scientific law

Answer 8

brief statement that summarizes past observations & predicts future ones

Question 9

Law of Conservation of Mass

Answer 9

Matter is neither created nor destroyed

Question 10

Scientific theory

Answer 10

model for the way nature is and tries to explain not merely what matter does

Question 11

Atomic Theory: (Dalton)

Answer 11

Matter is composed of small indestructible particles called atoms

Question 12

Matter

Answer 12

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Question 13

Substance

Answer 13

State, composition (s,l,g)

Question 14

Solid

Answer 14

atoms/molecules pack tightly together in fixed formation/location.
*fixed V rigid shape

• Crystaline: arranged in patterns w/ long range repeating order
• Amorphous: don’t have any long range pattern

Question 15

Liquid:

Answer 15

pk closely together, free to move around relative to one another

• fixed V no shape
• assume shape of container

Question 16

Gas

Answer 16

Lots of space between

• compressible
• assume V and shape of container

Question 17

composition

Answer 17

kinds/amount of substances the compose it

Question 18

pure substance

Answer 18

composed of a single time of atom/molecule

Question 19

mixture

Answer 19

composed of 2 or more different types of atoms/molecules

Question 20

element

Answer 20

can not be chemically broken down into another substance

Question 21

Compound

Answer 21

2 or more elements in fixed, definite proportions

Question 22

heterogenous mixture

Answer 22

composition varies between on region to another

Question 23

homogenous mixture

Answer 23

same composition throughout

Question 24

physical change

Answer 24

alter only state/ appearance
-NOT composition
EX water boiling

Question 25

chemical change

Answer 25

alter composition | EX iron rusting

Question 26

physical property

Answer 26

displays w/o changing composition | -smell

Question 27

chemical property

Answer 27

only changing composition via chemical change | -flammability

Question 28

Kinetic Energy

Answer 28

associated with motion | -total energy of an object

Question 29

Potential Energy

Answer 29

energy associated with position/ composition

Question 30

Thermal Energy

Answer 30

energy associated w/ temp of object

Question 31

Law of conservation of energy

Answer 31

energy is neither created nor destroyed

Question 32

Units

Answer 32

standard quantities used to specify measurement Meter (m): length Kilogram (kg): mass Second (s): time Kelvin (K), Farenheit (F) Celsius (C): temp (Kelvin - standard)

Question 33

Volume

Answer 33

Measurement of space | - Liters (L) or milimeters (mL)

Question 34

Density

Answer 34

ratio of mass to volume | d=m/v

Question 35

intensive property

Answer 35

independent from amount of substance | - density

Question 36

extensive property

Answer 36

depends on amount of substance | -mass

Question 37

Significant Figures

Answer 37

Greater the # of sig figs the greater the accuracy 1. all nonzeros = sig 2. interior zeros= sig 3. leading zeros= NOT sig, only place holders 4. trailing zeros: after dec point= sig before dec point but after non zero= sig before implied dec pt= ambiguous use scientific notation

Question 38

Exact numbers

Answer 38

- no uncertainty, dont limit # of sig figs - 100cm= 1m - unlimited number of sig figs

Question 39

Random Error

Answer 39

equal probability of being too high/low

Question 40

systematic error

Answer 40

error tends towards too high/ too low

Question 41

Dimensional Analysis

Answer 41

using units as guide

Question 42

conversion factor

Answer 42

converting from = on bottom | converting to = on top

Question 43

Atoms

Answer 43

Subatomic particles that constitute fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter *free atoms = rare in nature