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Genetics: From Genes To Genomes > Chapter 1: Mendel's Principles Of Heredity > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Mendel's Principles Of Heredity Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Genes

A

The basic units of biological information
A specific segment of DNA in a discrete region of a chromosome that serves as a unit of function by encoding a particular RNA or protein

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2
Q

Heredity

A

The way genes transmits traits from parents to offspring
Parental transmission of physiological, anatomical, and behavioral traits
Inherited genes determine individual traits

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3
Q

Genome

A

All the genes you possess
The sum total of genetic information in a particular cell or organism

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4
Q

Genetics

A

The science of heredity
The study of biological structures and mechanisms that determine inheritance

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5
Q

Self - fertilization

A

Fertilization in which both egg and sperm come from the same plant or animal

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6
Q

Cross- fertilization

A

Carry out a fertilization where the sperm and the egg come from two different organisms

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7
Q

Discrete trait

A

An inherited trait that exhibits an either/or status

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8
Q

Continuous trait

A

Inherited Trait that is controlled by many different genes, and sometimes environment factors

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9
Q

Pure-breed

A

True- breed
Organisms that produce offspring with parental traits that remain constant from generation to generation
Homozygote

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10
Q

Inbred

A

Individuals or a population of organisms produced by matings of close genetic relatives

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11
Q

Hybrid

A

Offspring with genetically dissimilar parents
Heterozygotes

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12
Q

Reciprocal Crosses

A

The characters of traits in the males and females reversed relative to the other, thereby controlling whether a particular character is transmitted by the male or female gamete
Alternate male and female parents

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13
Q

Parental generation

A

P1
Pure-breeding
Individuals whose offspring in subsequent generations will be studied for specific traits
Homozygote

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14
Q

First Filial generation

A

F1
Offspring of the P1 generation in a controlled series of crosses
First offspring
Heterozygotes
Expresses dominant phenotype

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15
Q

Monohybrid Cross

A

Crosses between parents that differ in only one trait

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16
Q

Second Filial Generation

A

F2
Offspring resulting from self- crosses or intercrosses between individuals of the F1 generation in a series of controlled matings
Second generation
Recessive form reappears at a 3:1 ratio

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17
Q

Dominant

A

The trait that appears in the F1 hybrids (heterozygotes) resulting from a mating between pure-breeding parental strains showing antagonistic phenotypes

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18
Q

Recessive

A

The trait that remains hidden in the F1 hybrids resulting from a mating between pure-breeding parental strains showing antagonistic phenotypes
Usually reappears in F2

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19
Q

Alleles

A

Alternative forms of a single gene

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20
Q

Monkhybrids

A

Individuals having two different alleles of a single gene

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21
Q

Gamete

A

Specialized cells (egg and sperm) that carry genes between generations

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22
Q

The Law of segregation

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A

The two alleles of each gene separate during gamete formation, and then unite at random, one from each parent, at fertilization

23
Q

The Punnett Square

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A

Visualization of segregation and random union of alleles

24
Q

Pisum Sativum

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A

Garden pea plant
self- fertilizing producingabundant offspring
Mendel’s model
He created 7 pairs (14) true-breeding lines

25
Antagonistic Traits Examined
Pea color Pea shape Pod color Pod shape Flower color Stem length Flower position
26
Mendel's Patterns
Pattern 1: If 2 true-breeders are observed, the offspring will look like one parent and not the other Pattern 2: In monohybrid crosses one gene is dominant over the other; F1 will be all dominant and in F2 the Recessive shows up at a 3:1 ratio
27
Genotype
An individual's set of alleles
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Phenotype
Appearance Manifestation of a trait
29
Product rule
The probability of two or more independent events occuring together is the product of the probabilities that each event will occur by itself Probability of event 1 AND event 2 = probability of event 1 x probability of event 2 Independent events
30
Sum rule
The probability of either of two mutually exclusive events occuring is the sum of their individual probabilities Mutually exclusive Probability Of event 1 OR event 2 = Probability of event 1 + probability of event 2
31
Homozygous
Describes a genotype in which the two copies of the gene that determine a particular trait are the same allele
32
Heterozygous
Describes a genotype in which the two copies of a gene are different alleles
33
Homozygotes
An individual with identical alleles for a given gene or locus
34
Heterozygotes
An individual with two different alleles for a given gene or locus
35
Testcross
Across used to determine the genotype of an individual showing a dominant phenotype by mating with an individual showing the recessive Phenotype A cross used to determine whether genes are linked and the distance between linked genes
36
Dihybrid
An individual that is heterozygous at I-wo different genes
37
Parental Type
Phenotypes that reflect a previously existing parental combination of alleles that is retained during gamete formation
38
Recombinant Types
Phenotypes reflecting a new combination of alleles that occured during gamete formation
39
Independent Assortment
The random distribution of alleles of different genes during gamete formation
40
The Law of Independent Assortment
During gamete formation, different pairs of alleles segregate independently of each other
41
Branched- Line Diagram
A System for I isting The expected results of multihybrid crosses
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Thalassemia
Reduce amounts of hemoglobin; anemia, bone and spleen enlargement Caused by a recessive allele
43
Sickle-cell Anemia
Abnormal hemoglobin; sickle- shaped red cells, anemia, blocked Circulation; increased resistance to malaria Caused by recessive allele
44
Cystic fibrosis
Defective cell membrane protein; excessive mucus production; digestive and respiratory failure Caused by a recessive allele Cl- transport deficiency; 12 million American Carrier (10% survive into their 30s) Horizontal inheritance Unaffected Carriers can have affected offspring Consanguineous matings concentrate recessive alleles
45
Tay- Sachs disease
Missing enzyme; buildup of fatty deposit in brain; buildup disrupts mental development Caused by a recessive allele
46
Phenylketonuria
Missing enzyme; mental deficiency Caused by a recessive allele
47
Hypercholesterolemia
Missing protein that removes cholesterol from the blood; heart attack by age 50 Caused by a dominant allele
48
Huntington Disease
Progressive mental and neurological damage; neurologic disorders by ages 40-70 Caused by a dominant allele Late onset dominant trait; involuntary, uncoordinated movement, personality change, gradual intellectual decline, death Vertical inheritance- affected individual has an affected parent
49
Pedigree
Orderly diagram Of a family's relevant genetic features; often features2-3 generations Probability can be used to determine mode of inheritance
50
Bombay Phenotype
there is not H on the RBC, which is a sugar polymer Their genotype is homozygous recessive (hh) for the second gene and don't make the H gene at all They appear to have type O blood because there's no way to add anything to it Homozygosityfor the recessive h allele if the H - substance gene masks the effects of the ABO gene, making it epistatic
51
Recessive Epistasis
Gene at one locus masks the expression of a gene at a second locus, so its phenotype isn't exposed I.e. LabradorRetrievers
52
Labrader Retrievers - recessive epistasis
B_E_-Black bbE_-Brown _ _ee - yellow If it in herits the homozygous recessive genotype ofthe E gene, it will be yellow regardless of if it's dominant or recessive The recessive genotype at ee masks the phenotypic expression of the B gene 9/16 A_B_ 3/16 A_BB 3/16 aaB_ 1/16 aabb B allele determines pigment E allele determines eumelinen production (Brown) ee allele produces phomelanin (yellow)
53
Reciprocal recessive epistasis
The dominant alleles of two genes together (A_B_) produce color or some other trait, while the other three genotype classes (A_bb, aaB_, and aabb) don't 9:7 ratio i.e. Sweet peas
54
Dominant Epistasis
Epistasis can also be caused by a dominant allele The presence of B hides the effects of either A_ or aa Epistasis in which the dominant allele of one gene hides the effects of another gene 12:3:1 ratio

Genetics: From Genes To Genomes (3 decks)

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