chapter 1 mental health Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
what does Maslow emphasize about mental illness?
A
it is associated with an individual’s motivation toward self-actualization
2
Q
self-actualization is?
A
the state of being “psychologically healthy, fully human, highly evolved, and fully matured”
3
Q
Townsend and Morgan define mental health as?
A
the successful adaptation to stressors from the internal or external environment, evident by thought feelings, and behaviors that are age appropriate and congruent with local and cultural norms
4
Q
Maslow believed that people who are “self-actualized” possess what qualities (13)
A
- appropriate perception of reality
- ability to accept oneself, others and human nature
- ability to manifest spontaneity
- capacity for focusing concentration on problem-solving
- need for detachment and desire for privacy
- independence, autonomy, & resistance to enculturation
- an intensity of emotional reaction
- “peak” experiences that validate the worthwhileness, richness, and beauty of life
- identification with human kind
- achieve satisfactory interpersonal relationships
- democratic character/ strong ethics
- creativity
- degree of nonconformance
5
Q
Psychological needs includes?
A
food, aire, water, sleep, elimination, exercise, shelter, and sexual expression
6
Q
Safety and security includes?
A
Avoiding harm, maintaining comfort, order, structure, physical safety, freedom from fear, and protection
7
Q
Love and belongings includes?
A
Giving and receiving affection; companionship, satisfactory interpersonal relationships and identification with a group
8
Q
Self-esteem/ esteem of others includes?
A
The individual seeks self-respect and respect from others, works to achieve success and recognition in work, and desires prestige from accomplishments.
9
Q
Self-actualization includes?
A
the individual possess a feeling of self fulfillment and the realization of his or her highest potential
10
Q
Incomprehensibility
A
general population doesnt understand the motivation behind the behavior
11
Q
cultural relativity
A
rules, conventions, and understandings are conceived within an individual’s own particular culture
12
Q
Townsend and Morgan defines mental illness as?
A
maladaptive responses to stressors from the internal or external environment, evident by thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that are incongruent with the local and cultural norms, and interfere with the individual’s social, occupational, and/or physical functioning
13
Q
define stress
A
the state manifested by a specific syndrome which consists of all the nonspecifically induced changes with in a biologic system
14
Q
what is the syndrome of symptoms called?
A
fight or flight syndrome
15
Q
what is the general reaction of the body to stress?
A
general adaptation syndrome
16
Q
alarm reaction stage
A
Responses of the fight-or-flight syndrome are initiated.
17
Q
stage of resistance
A
The individual uses the physiological responses of the first stage as a defense in the attempt to adapt to the stressor. If adaptation occurs, the third stage is prevented or delayed. Physiological symptoms may disappear.
18
Q
- stage of exhaustion
2. what symptoms can this stage cause?
A
- prolonged exposure to stressor to which the body has become adjusted
- headache, mental disorders, CAD, ulcers, colitis, and even death.
19
Q
what is anxiety? is the individual aware?
A
a feeling of discomfort and apprehension related to fear of impending danger. the individual is often unaware
20
Q
what is anxiety accompanied with?
A
uncertainty and helplessness
21
Q
Mild anxiety:
A
- seldom a problem
- tension with day to day living
- prepares people for action
- sharpens senses
- increases motivation of productivity
- heightened awareness of environment
- learning is enhanced
- functions at their optimal level
- increases perceptual field
22
Q
Moderate anxiety:
A
- perceptual field diminishes
- less alert to events in their environment
- attention span/ concentration decreases
- they still attend needs with direction
- problem solving assistance is required
- increases muscular tension
- restlessness
23
Q
Severe Anxiety:
A
- perceptual field so greatly diminishes the person concentration on one particular detail only or many extraneous details
- limited attention span
- difficulty completing the simplest task
- physical symptoms - headaches, palpitations, insomnia
- emotional symptoms - confusion, dread, horror
- discomfort - all overt behaviors is aimed at relieving the anxiety
24
Q
Panic Anxiety:
A
- cant focus on one detail in environment
- misperceptions
- loss of contact w/ reality
- hallucinations or delusions
- wild/desperate actions or extreme withdrawal
- human functioning and communication w/ others are ineffective
- feeling of terror
- may think they have a life-threatening illness, or fear they’re “going crazy”, are losing control or are emotionally weak
- leads to physical or emotional exhaustion
25
Coping mechanism for mild anxiety?
```
sleeping
laughing
eating
cursing
exercise
pacing
smoking
foot swinging
crying
fidgeting
yawning
nail biting
drinking
finger tapping
daydreaming
talking to someone
```
26
What is ego?
the reality component of the personality that governs problem-solving and rational thinking
27
what happens to ego when anxiety increases?
the strength of ego is tested and energy is mobilized to confront the threat
28
ego defense mechanisms become maladaptive when?
when an individual uses them to such a degree that the defense mechanism interferes with the ability to deal with reality w. interpersonal relations, or occupational performance
29
psychological disorders caused by moderate to severe anxiety is under what category?
psychological factors affecting other medical conditions
30
psychological factors may cause what?
may exacerbate symptoms of delay recovery from, or interfere with treatment of the medical condition
31
when is the condition initiant or exacerbated?
by an environmental situation that the individual perceives as stressful
32
what can be demonstrated?
measurable pathophysiology
33
psychological and behavioral factors may affect what?
affects the course of almost every major category of disease, including cardiovascular, GI, neoplastic, neurological and pulmonary condition
34
compensation
covering up a real or perceived weakness by emphasizing a trait one considers more desirable
35
Rationalization
Attempting to make excuses or formulate logical reasons to justify unacceptable feelings or behaviors
36
Denial
refusing to acknowledge the existence of a real situation or the feelings associated with it
37
Reaction Formation
preventing unacceptable or undesirable thoughts or behaviors from being expressed by exaggerating opposite thoughts or types of behaviors
38
Displacement
the transfer of feelings from one target to another that is considered less threatening or that it neutral
39
Regression
responding to stress by retreating to an earlier level of development and the comfort measures associated with that level of functioning
40
Identification
an attempt to increase self-worth by acquiring certain attributes and characteristics of an individual one admires
41
Repression
involuntary blocking unpleasant feelings and experiences from one's awareness
42
Intellectualization
An attempt to avoid expressing actual emotions associated with a stressful situation by using the intellectual processes of logic, reasoning, and analysis
43
Sublimation
rechanneling of drives or impulses that are personally or socially unacceptable into activities that are constructive
44
Introjection
integrating the beliefs and values of another individual into one's own ego structure
45
Suppression
the voluntary blocking of unpleasant feelings and experiences from one's awareness
46
Isolation
separating a thought or memory from the feeling, tone, or emotion associated with it
47
Undoing
symbolically negating or canceling out an experience that one finds intolerable
48
Projection
attributing feelings or impulses unacceptable to one's self to another person
49
What is neuroses (severe anxiety)?
psychiatric disturbances characterized by excessive anxiety that is expressed directly or altered through defense mechanisms
50
What symptoms does neuroses appear as?
1. obsession
2. compulsion
3. phobia
4. sexual dysfunction
51
Characteristics of people with neuroses? (5)
1. they are aware that they are experiencing distress
2. they are aware that their behaviors are maladaptive
3. they are unaware of any possible psychological causes of the distress
4. they feel helpless to change their situation
5. they experience no loss of contact with reality
52
anxiety disorder: (severe anxiety)
disorders where the characteristic features are symptoms of anxiety and avoidance behavior
53
examples of anxiety disorders (severe)
general anxiety disorder
- panic disorder
- separation anxiety disorder
- phobias
54
Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders (severe)
characteristics features is a preoccupation with distressing somatic symptoms for which there is no demonstrable organic pathology; psychological factors are judged to play a significant role in the onset, severity, exacerbation, or maintenance of the symptoms
55
examples of somatic symptoms and related disorders (severe)
- somatic symptom disorder - any symptom - may not be related to medical condition
- conversion disorder - anything neurological sx - cannot be explained by test
- factitious disorder - pt wants to be sick - may injury themselves
56
dissociative disorders (severe)
disruption of consciousness, memory, identity, or perception of the environment
57
examples of dissociative disorders (severe)
- dissociative amnesia
- dissociative identity disorder
- depersonalization(watching youreself act, like youre not real, feel like youre outside of your body)-derealization(deja vu) (jamais vu-never seen) disorder
58
what happens in extreme level of anxiety?
the person isn't capable of processing what is happening in the environment and may lose contact with reality (hallucinations and delusions)
59
What is psychosis? (panic anxiety)
a significant thought disturbance in which reality testing is impaired, resulting in delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, or catatonic behavior
60
characteristics of people with psychosis: (4)
1 - exhibit minimal distress [tone is flat, bland, or inappropriate]
2 - unaware that their behaviors are maladaptive
3 - unaware of any psychological problems (anosognosia)
4 - exhibit flight from reality to a less stressful world or into one in which they are attempting to adapt
61
examples of psychotic responses to anxiety is? (3)
1. schizophrenic
2. schizoaffective
3. delusional disorders
62
What is grief?
subjective state of emotional, physical, and social responses to the loss of a loved person or thing
63
how is a loss identified?
any situation that creates change for an individual
| - failure can be viewed as a loss (real or perceived)
64
mourning
period of grief-related emotions and behaviors
65
normal mourning process includes?
| is it adaptive or maladaptive?
feelings of sadness, guilt, anger, helplessness, hopelessness, and despair
it is adaptive.
it is maladaptive when there is an absence of the mourning process
66
Stages of Grief (Kubler-Ross)
1. Denial - stage of shock and disbelief. "No it can't be."
2. Anger - "why me?" and "it's not fair!"
3. Bargaining - making a bargain with God
4. Depression - full impact of the loss is experienced. represents advancement toward resolution rather than the fixation. time of quiet desperation and disengagement.
5. Acceptance - feeling of peace. time of quiet expectation and resignation.
67
anticipatory grief
grief experienced prior to a loss
| -they disengage emotionally from the dying person, who then feel rejected by loved ones
68
how is the grief process complicated or prolonged?
| reaction to the loss is burdened with what?
- relationship with the lost entity have been marked by ambivalence (mixed feelings)
- if there had been an enduring "love-hate" association
- reaction is burdened with guilt
69
what lengthens the grief reaction and what does it promote?
gulit
| promotes feelings of anger toward the self for having committed a wrongdoing or behaved in an unacceptable manner
70
bereavement overload
An accumulation of grief that occurs when an individual experiences many losses over a short period of time and is unable to resolve one before another is experienced. This phenomenon is common among the elderly.
71
which stages in the grief process does the individual becomes fixated on when maladaptive grief responses occur?
denial or anger
72
behaviors associated with stages of denial or anger?
disorganization or functioning and intense emotional pain related to the lost entity are evidenced.
73
Delayed or inhibited response
the individual becomes fixed in the denial stage of the grieving process
- emotional pain with loss not experience
- anxiety disorders (phobias, somatic symptom disorders)
- sleeping and eating disorders (insomnia, anorexia)
74
Distorted response
fixed in the anger stage of grieving
- normal behaviors associated with grieving (helplessness, hopelessness, sadness, anger, and guilt) are exaggerated out of proportion to the situation
- turns anger inward, consumed with overwhelming despair, is unable to function in normal activities of daily living
75
what does distorted grief reaction culminate to?
Pathological depression
76
The immediate response is?
a stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
77
what can the immediate response result in?
1. Dilation of the pupils
2. Dilation of the bronchioles and increased respiration rate
3. Increased force of cardiac contraction, which causes increased cardiac output, heart rate, and blood pressure
4. Decreased gastric motility and secretions
5. Increased secretion from the sweat gland
78
when does the sustained response occur?
after a prolonged period of stress
79
What does the pituitary gland do release during the sustained response?
1. Increased gluconeogenesis and retention of sodium and water (ACTH)
2. Decreased immune and inflammatory responses (ACTH)
3. Fluid retention (vasopressin)
4. Increased blood pressure (vasopressin)
5. Increased serum glucose and free fatty acids (growth hormone)
6. Increased basal metabolic rate (thyrotropic hormone)
7. Impotence and decreased libido (gonadotropins)
