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biol 314 > chapter 1 microorganisms and microbiology > Flashcards

chapter 1 microorganisms and microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

microbiology

A

the study of microscopic organisms

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2
Q

microorganism definition

A
  • size is measured in microns (1 μm = 1 x 10^-6 m)
  • can only be seen in detail through microscope
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3
Q

microorganisms include…

A

bacteria, archaea, protists, fungi, microscopic animals, most parasites, viruses

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4
Q

virus

A
  • referred to as particles
  • not cellular, not alive
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5
Q

microbiology as a basic science

A
  • understand basic life processes
  • our understanding of basic biology (metabolism, etc.) is derived from studies using microorganisms
  • microbial cells are easily cultured and attain high cell numbers, can be grown at low cost
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6
Q

microbiology as an applied science

A
  • agriculture
  • food
  • disease
  • energy/environment
  • biotechnology
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7
Q

agriculture

A

N2 fixation, nutrient cycling, animal husbandry

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8
Q

food

A

food preservation, fermented foods, food additives

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9
Q

disease

A

identifying new diseases, treatment and cure, disease prevention

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10
Q

energy/environment

A

biofuels (methane and ethanol), bioremediation, microbial mining

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11
Q

biotechnology

A

genetically modified organisms, production of pharmaceuticals, gene therapy for certain diseases

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12
Q

prokaryotes

A
  • single celled
  • lack nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • bacteria and archaea
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13
Q

eukaryotes

A
  • single celled or multicellular
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14
Q

3 domains of life

A

bacteria, archaea, eukarya

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15
Q

characteristics of living systems

A
  • metabolism
  • reproduction
  • differentiation
  • movement
  • communication
  • evolution
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16
Q

metabolism

A

uptake of nutrients from environment, their transformation within the cell, elimination of wastes into the environment (cell is an open system)

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17
Q

reproduction

A

chemicals from environment are turned into new cells under directions of preexisting cells

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18
Q

differentiation

A

formation of new cell structure such as a spore, usually as part of cellular life cycle (some archaea and bacteria don’t undergo this)

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19
Q

movement

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A

living organisms are capable of self-propulsion (some bacteria and archaea don’t move, env moves them)

20
Q

communication

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A

cells can communicate by means of chemicals that are released or taken up

21
Q

evolution

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A

cells contain genes and evolve to display new biological properties (phylogenetic tree shows evolutionary relationships)

22
Q

chemical machines

23
Q

storehouses and processors of genetic information

24
Q

microorganisms exist in populations

Study These Flashcards
A

groups of organisms derived from a single parent cell following repeated division cycles

25
population
same species, same area
26
community
different species (populations), same area
27
microbial ecology
study of microorganisms in their natural environment and their relationships with one another
28
antiquity of microbial life
- Earth is 4.6 billion years old - Universe is 13.8 billion years old
29
extent of microbial life
- first cells were prokaryotic - eukaryotes didn't arise until 2 bya - macroscopic organisms didn't arise until 1 bya
30
timeline of microbial life
- animals predate plants - aquatic before terrestrial plants - oxygen was toxic to organisms, our bodies can metabolize it because life forms adapted to these conditions
31
largest diversity
prokaryotes
32
cambrian explosion
- all phyla came from this time - unparalleled emergence of organisms between 541 million and approximately 530 million years ago
33
microorg and disease agents
- all agents of infectious diseases are microorganisms - increase in human life span due to reduction of direct and indirect mortality caused by infectious disease - infectious diseases are major cause of mortality in developing countries
34
microorg and agriculture
- nitrogen cycling and nitrogen fixation are essential for crops (only carried out by microorgs) - digestion of cellulose - genetic engineering using microorgs imporves disease resistance and crop yields
35
microorgs and food
leading cause of spoilage and disease transmission in food, but also responsible for fermented foods
36
microorgs, energy, environment
- most fossil fuels exist bc of microorgs (petroleum, ethanol, natural gas) - responsible for cleanup of toxic waste/oil spills
37
microorgs and genetic resources
vaccines, pharmaceuticals, specialty chemicals, development of disease resistance
38
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek (1693-1723)
cloth merchant became involved in lens grinding for examination of thread counts
39
Antoni van Leeuwenhoek key role
- developed first high magnification lenses - first person to see and report bacteria - developed first simple microscope (1684)
40
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
one of first microbiologists, research relating to production and preservation of wine
41
Louis Pasteur key role
- pasteurization: process developed to prolong shelf life of wine - key role in "germ theory of disease" - developed first rabies, cholera, and anthrax vaccines - disproved "spontaneous generation" with swan neck flask experiments (you only get life from preexisting life)
42
swan neck flask experiments
memorize
43
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
german physician/microbiologist and first to demonstrate role of bacteria in causing disease
44
koch's postulate 1
the suspected pathogenic microorganism should be present in all cases of the disease and absent from the same tissues/fluids of healthy animals
45
koch's postulate 2
the suspected pathogenic microorganism should be grown in pure culture
46
koch's postulate 3
cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogenic microorganism should cause disease in a healthy animal
47
koch's postulate 4
the microorganism should be re-isolated and shown to be the same as the original

biol 314 (5 decks)

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