Chapter 1- minerals

Question 1

Mineral Definition

Answer 1

Naturally occurring chemical substance with a definite composition and crystalline structure

Question 2

Rock Definition

Answer 2

an aggregate or mixture of one or more minerals

Question 3

Sublimation Definition

Answer 3

transition of a substance from solid to gas without passing through the liquid phase

Question 4

Deposition/De-sublimation

Answer 4

transition of a substance from gas to solid without passing through the liquid phase

Question 5

Lustre Definition

Answer 5

surface of a mineral ad its appearance as it interacts with lights

Question 6

Crystal

Answer 6

a solid with plane faces, formed when atoms are arranged in a structurally ordered pattern

Question 7

Glass Definition

Answer 7

an amorphous solid with no crystalline structure

Question 8

Grain Boundary

Answer 8

line of contact between mineral crystals in a rock

Question 9

Most abundant elements in the Earth’s crust (3)

Answer 9

Oxygen (46.6) Silicon (27.7) Aluminium (8.1)

Question 10

Physical characteristic to identify minerals (8)

Answer 10

Colour, streak, lustre, shape/habit, cleavage/fracture, hardness, density, reaction with acid

Question 11

Reference minerals for the hardness scale (1-10)

Answer 11

Talc, gypsum, calcite, fluorite, apatite, feldspar, quartz, topaz, corundum, diamond

Question 12

Mineral: irregular shape, white/grey colour, hardness 7, density 2.7

Answer 12

quartz

Question 13

Mineral: rectangular shape, pink/white/grey, hardness 6, two cleavage, density 2.6

Answer 13

feldspar

Question 14

Mineral: sheets, white/grey or black, hardness 2.5-3, one cleavage, density 2.8

Answer 14

mica

Question 15

Mineral:square shape or eight-sided in cross section, dark green to black, hardness 5.5-6.5, two cleavage at 93, density 3.2-3.6

Answer 15

augite/pyroxene

Question 16

Mineral: diamond shape in cross section, green-black, hardness 5-6, two cleavage at 60, density 3-3.5

Answer 16

hornblende

Question 17

Mineral: rounded shape, yellow green, hardness 6.5-7, poor cleavage, density 3.2-4.4

Answer 17

olivine

Question 18

irregular shape, white/grey/clear, hardness 3, three cleavage, density 2.7, reacts with acid

Answer 18

calcite

Question 19

Mineral: rounded shape or six sided in cross section, deep red-brown, hardness 6-7.5, no cleavage, density 4

Answer 19

garnet

Question 20

Mineral: flat blades, blue/white/grey, hardness 5.5-7, two cleavage, density 3.5-3.7

Answer 20

kyanite

Question 21

Cations

Answer 21

atoms with a net position after loosing 1 or more electrons

Question 22

anions

Answer 22

atoms with a net negative charge after gaining 1 or more elctrons

Question 23

Covalent bond

Answer 23

formed by two atoms sharing a pair of electrons

Question 24

tetrahedron

Answer 24

a solid formed of four triangular plane faces

Question 25

bridging oxygen

Answer 25

an oxygen atom shared by two SiO2 tetrahedra

Question 26

polymers

Answer 26

repeating chains of smaller molecules

Question 27

minerals with a single tetrehedra structure

Answer 27

Olivine

Question 28

minerals with chain tetrehedra

Answer 28

Pyroxenes

Question 29

minerals with double chain tetrahedra structure

Answer 29

amphiboles

Question 30

minerals with sheet tetrahedra structure

Answer 30

micas and clay minerals

Question 31

minerals with framework tetrahedra structure

Answer 31

quartz and feldspars

Question 32

polymerisation

Answer 32

when small molecules join up to make larger ones

Question 33

Diagenesis

Answer 33

all processes that occur in sediments at low temperatures and pressures at or near the earth's surface

Question 34

Metamorphism

Answer 34

changing of rocks in the earth's crust by heat/pressure. isochemical, solid state change

Question 35

Igneous rock

Answer 35

rock that has crystallised from magma

Question 36

Metamorphic Rock

Answer 36

formed by recrystallisation of other rocks in solid state due to temperature and/or pressure

Question 37

partial melting

Answer 37

occurs when only a portion of rock in the lower crust/upper mantle is melted

Question 38

recrystallisation

Answer 38

solid state process that changes minerals into new crystalline metamorphic minerals

Question 39

crystallisation

Answer 39

occurs during cooling of magma/lava so solid mineral crystals form

Question 40

burial

Answer 40

occurs when sediment is covered by younger layers of sediment

Question 41

sedimentary rock

Answer 41

rock composed of fragments that have been deposited, compacted, and cemented

Question 42

clast

Answer 42

fragment of broken rock produced by mechanical weathering and erosion

Question 43

Magma accumulation

Answer 43

magma collecting within a magma chamber

Question 44

intrusions

Answer 44

igneous rock formed below the earth's surface where magma is forced into pre-existing rocks

Question 45

extrusions

Answer 45

emission of magma onto the earth's surface where it forms a lava flow

Question 46

folliation

Answer 46

texture in metamorphic rocks formed by preferred alignment of flat/tabular minerals

Question 47

deposition

Answer 47

laying down of sediment, occurring when the transportation agent loses energy

Question 48

weathering

Answer 48

breakdown of rocks in situ

Question 49

erosion

Answer 49

removal of weathered material, usually by physical action of transported fragments

Question 50

transport

Answer 50

means by which weathered material is moved from one place to another by wind, water, ice or gravity

Question 51

uplift

Answer 51

return of buried rocks to the earth's surface by tectonic action