1. Define 2. Construct 3. Manipulate 4. Share

CHAPTER 1 MODULE Flashcards by Rona Jean Acosta

raw, unprocessed facts

DATA

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processed data to make a“meaningful context”

INFORMATION

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collected/ collection of related data

DATABASE

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complete description of database / The database definifiton

META-DATA

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duplication of data or storing of the same information in more than one place.

REDUNDANCY/ DATA REDUNDANCY

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all data are stored in one place to reduce redundancy.

SINGLE REPOSITORY

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4 PROBLEMS THAT IS CAUSED BY REDUNDANCY

1.Redundant Storage
2.Update Anomalies
3.Insertion Anomalies
4.Deletion Anomalies

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-a system to manage a database use to create, maintain, and access database “storing” and “retrieval” of data
- set of programs that allows users to create and maintain the database.

DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

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part of the program that actually stores and retrieves data.

DATABASE ENGINE

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4 functionalities

Define
Construct
Manipulate
Share

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specifying the data type, structure, constraints for the data to be stored.

DEFINE

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process of storing the data on some storage medium

CONSTRUCT

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Querying the database to retrieve specific data, updating database and generating reports

MANIPULATE

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a statement requesting the retrieval of info.

QUERY

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allows multiple users and programs to access the database concurrently.

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PROPERTIES OF DATABASE

A database represents some aspects of the real world (miniworld).
2.A database is a logically coherent (should be related) collection of data with some inherent meaning.
A database is designed, built, and populated with data for a specific purpose.

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write the queries or programs

USERS/ PROGRAMMERS

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process the queries or programs

DBMS SOFTWARE

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CHARACTERISTICS OF DBMS

1.Self describing Nature of DBMS
2.Insulation between Programs and Data, & Data Abstraction
3.Support of Multiple Views of the Data
4.Sharing of Data and Multi-user Transaction Processing

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2.Insulation between Programs and Data, & Data Abstraction

if there is a change in the structure of data, then the program changes too.

Traditional File Processing

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Insulation between Programs and Data, & Data Abstraction

no need to change the program if there is a change in the structure of data (data program independence) —characteristic is “Data Abstraction”

DBMS Approach

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Sharing of Data and Multi-user Transaction Processing

no multiple user, isolation

Concurrency Control

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can only be answered by a yes or no and it must happen in its entity or not at all

Atomicity

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2 types of Database Users

Actors on the Scene
Workers behind the Scene

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Who belongs to Actors on the scene?

1.Database Administrators 2.Database Designers 3.End Users

Who belongs to workers behind the scene?

Software Engineers System Designers and Implementers Tool Developers Operators and Maintenance Personnel

whose jobs involve the day to day use of large database.

ACTORS ON THE SCENE

(Primary Resource)

Database

DBMS & Related Software

(Secondary Resource)

RESPONSIBILITIES of Database Administrators:

a)Administering primary and secondary resources. b)Give access to users/ authorizing access to the database c)Coordinating and Monitoring the use of database d)Accountable when there is breach of security and when there is poor system response time. e)Acquiring software and hardware resources as needed.

a)Identify the data to be stored in the database. b)Choosing appropriate structure to represent and store data. c)Communicating with end-users in order to know their requirements (database design)

Responsibilities of database designers

Require access to the database: querying ,Updating Generating reports

End Users

Categories of End Users

1. Casual 2. Naive/ parametric 3. Sophisticated 4. Stand-Alone

access the database occasionally

Casual End Users

constantly querying and updating the database

Naive/Parametric End Users

standard types of queries and updates

canned transactions

Engineers, scientists, business, analysts, and others who thoroughly familiarize themselves with the facilities of DBMS

Sophisticated End Users

maintain personal database using ready made program packages

Stand-Alone End Users

Determine the requirements of end users in order to develop specifications

System Analysts

Implement the specifications as programs to test, debug, document and maintain

Application Programmers

whose job is to maintain the database, not interested about the database itself.

WORKERS BEHIND THE SCENE

system analyst and application programmers

Software Engineers

design and implement DBMS modules and interface as a package.

System Designers and Implementer

design and implement tools

Tool Developers

To facilitate the database system design and use

Tool :Software Packages

responsible for the actual running and maintenance of the software.

Operators and Maintenance Personnel

ADVANTAGES OF DBMS

1.Compactness 2.Controlling Redundancy 3.Restricting Unauthorized Access 4.Providing Persistent Storage for Program Objects 5.Providing Storage Structures for Efficient Query Processing 6.Providing Backup and Recovery 7.Providing Multiple User Interface 8.Representing Complex Relationship Among Data 9.Enforcing Integrity Constraints

ADVANTAGES. data are stored in a single repository

Compactness

wastage of storage and its inconsistency

Traditional File System

Controlling Redundancy

Traditional File System DBMS Approach

- for security and authorization subsystem - work of database administrators

Restricting Unauthorized Access

Providing Persistent Storage for Program Objects (AD) Programs terminate _ Values of program Variables_ Discarded

TRADITIONAL

Program terminate_ Values of program variable_ Not discarded (stores object permanently) _ Persistent

DBMS Approach

responsible for efficient query and execution

Providing Storage Structures for Efficient Query Processing and Optimization Module

-When there is system failure -Capable of doing recovery

Providing Backup and Recovery

4 Multiple User Interface

1. Query Language 2. Programming Language 3. Forms 4. Menu Driven Interface

Interface for casual end users.

Query Language

Interface for app programmer

Programming Language

Interface for naive/parametric

Forms

interface for stand alone

Menu-Driven Interface

simplest data constraints such as data types by the database designers.

Enforcing Integrity Constraints

DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS

1.Increased Complexity 2.Greater Impact of Failure 3.More Difficult Recovery 4.Large File Size

you need to master facilities

Increased Complexity

you need to master facilities

Increased Complexity

you need to master facilities

Increased Complexity

the more users of the DBMS, the greater the tendency for the system to fail

More Difficult Recovery

Data are stored in a "single repository" that requires a larger storage Space

4.Large File Size