Chapter 1: Molecules and Fundamentals of Biology Flashcards
1
Q
Intramolecular Forces
A
Hold atoms together within a molecule
2
Q
Intermolecular Forces
A
Forces between molecules; Affect physical properties
3
Q
Monosaccharide
A
CH2O
4
Q
Ribose
A
5 C monosaccharide
5
Q
Fructose
A
6 C monosaccharide
6
Q
Glucose
A
6 C monosaccharide
7
Q
Glucose and Fructose are ______
A
Isomers
8
Q
Disaccharides are held together by _____ bonds resulting from ____ reactions
A
Glycosidic; dehydration(condensation)
9
Q
Sucrose
A
Glucose + Fructose disaccharide
10
Q
Lactose
A
Glucose + Galactose disaccharide
11
Q
Maltose
A
Glucose + Glucose disaccharide
12
Q
Starch
A
Energy storage for plants
13
Q
Starch is an ____ bonded polysaccharide
A
Alpha
14
Q
Amylose
A
Linear starch
15
Q
Amylopectin
A
Branched starch
16
Q
Glycogen
A
Energy storage for animals
17
Q
Glycogen is an ___ bonded polysaccharide much ___ branched than starch
A
Alpha; More
18
Q
Cellulose
A
Structural component of plant cell walls
19
Q
Cellulose is a ___ bonded polysaccharide
A
Beta
20
Q
Chitin
A
Structural component of fungi cell walls
21
Q
Chitin is a ___ bonded polysaccharide with the element ___ added to each monomer
A
Beta; Nitrogen
22
Q
Proteins
A
CHON
23
Q
Amino Acid Structure
A
Amino, Hydrogen, Carboxyl, R-group
24
Q
Polypeptides are polymers of ___ joined by ___ bonds through ___ reactions; ___ reactions break these bonds
A
Amino acids; Peptide; Dehydration; Hydrolysis
25
N-terminus (amino terminus)
Side of polypeptide that ends with an amino group
26
C-terminus (carboxyl terminus)
Side of polypeptide that ends with a carboxyl group
27
Primary structure
Group of amino acids
28
Secondary structure
Intermolecular forces between polypeptide backbone due to hydrogen bonding
29
Tertiary structure
Due to interactions between R-groups; may create hydrophobic or hydrophillic spaces
30
___ bonds are created between two cysteine aa's
Disulfide
31
Protein structure may be one of three
Fibrous, globular, intermediate
32
Protein composition may be one of two
Simple (aa's) or complex (aa's +other components)
33
Protein functions (7)
Storage, hormones, receptors, motion, structure, immunity, enzymes
34
In protein denaturation, only the ___ structure is affected
Primary
35
Reasons a protein may denature (3)
High or low temperature, pH changes, salt concentration
36
The transition state is the ___ intermediate between reactants and products
Unstable
37
Specificity constant measures how ___ an enzyme is at binding to a substrate, converting it to a ___
Efficient; product
38
Induced fit theory describes how the active site ___ itself and changes ___ to fit the substrate
Molds; shape
39
Ribozyme
RNA molecule that can act as an enzyme (non-protein)
40
Cofactor
Non-protein molecule that helps enzymes perform reactions
41
Coenzyme
Organic cofactors such as vitamins
42
Inorganic cofactors are usually ___ ions
Metal
43
Holoenzymes are enzymes that are ___ to their cofactors
Bound
44
Apoenzymes are enzymes that are ___ to their cofactors
Not bound
45
Prostetic groups are cofactors that are ___ to their enzymes
Tightly/Covalently bound
46
Competitive inhibition occurs when a ___ competes ___ with the substrate for active site binding
Competitive inhibitor; directly
47
Noncompetitive inhibition occurs when a ___ binds to an ___ modifying the active site
Noncompetitive inhibitor; allosteric site
48
Allosteric site
Location on enzyme that is different from the active site
49
In competitive inhibition, the rate of enzyme action ___ be increased by adding more substrate
Can
50
In noncompetitive inhibition, the rate of enzyme action ___ be increased by adding more substrate
Cannot
51
Enzyme kinetics plot
Used to visualize how inhibitors affect enzymes
52
Enzyme kinetics plot: x-axis:___, y-axis___, Vmax___, Michaelis constant (Km)___
Substrate concentration [X}; Reaction rate or velocity (V); Maximum reaction velocity; Substrate concentration at which velocity is 50% max
53
___ occurs when all active sites are occupied
Saturation making graph plateaus
54
Competitive inhibition -> Km ___ while Vmax ___
Increase; Stays the same
55
Noncompetitive inhibition -> Km ___ while Vmax ___
Stays the same; Increases
56
Lipids
CHO
57
Lipids have long ___ tails making them very ___
Hydrocarbon; Hydrophobic
58
Triacylglycerol is a ___ molecule with a ___ backbone and ___ fatty acids
Lipid; Glycerol; Three
59
The glycerol and fatty acid tails in triacylglycerol are connected by ___ linkages
Ester
60
Saturated fatty acids ___ double bonds
Have no
61
Unsaturated fatty acids ___ double bonds
Have
62
___ unsaturated fatty acids have kinks that cause the tails to bend
Cis
63
___ unsaturated fatty acids have straighter tails
Trans
64
Phospholipids
Glycerol backbone, one phosphate group, two fatty acids
65
In phospholipids, the phosphate group is ___ and the fatty acids are ___
Polar; Nonpolar
66
Is cholesterol amphipathic?
Yes
67
Are phospholipids amphipathic?
Yes
68
Cholesterol is the most common precursor to ___ hormones
Steroid
69
Cholesterol is the starting material to ___ and vitamin ___
Bile; C
70
Factors that influence membrane fluidity (3)
Temperature; Cholesterol; Degrees of unsaturation
71
Lipoproteins allow passage of ___ molecules
Lipid
72
___ density lipoproteins "bad cholesterol" deliver cholesterol to peripheral tissues
Low
73
___ density lipoproteins "good cholesterol" deliver cholesterol to the liver to make ___
High; Bile
74
___ are simple lipids that have long fatty acid tails connected to ___ alcohols through ___ linkages
Waxes; Monohydroxyl; Ester
75
___ are lipid derivatives containg long carbon chains with ___ double bonds and ___ at each end
Carotenoids; Conjugated; Six membered rings
76
Carotenoids function as ___
Pigments
77
Nucleic Acids
CHONP
78
Nucleosides contain a ___ carbon sugar and a ___ group
Five; Phosphate
79
___ sugars contain a hydrogen at the 2' carbon
Deoxyribose
80
___ sugars contain a hydroxyl group at the 2' carbon
Ribose
81
Purines are and have ___ rings
A, G; Two
82
Pyrimadines are ___ and have ___ rings
C, U, T; Three
83
___ bonds connect the phosphate group of one nucleotide (at the ___ carbon) to the ___ group of another nucleotide (at the ___ carbon)
Phosphodiester; 5'; Hydroxyl; 3'
84
Nucleic acid polymerization proceeds at the ___ end
3'
85
How many times can A H-bond to T? G to C?
2; 3
86
Central dogma of genetics
DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
87
Exceptions to the central dogma of genetics
Reverse transcriptase, Prions
88
RNA world hypothesis
RNA dominated Earth's primordial soup before there was life; Developed self replicating mechanisms and later could catalyze reactions to make more complex molecules;
89
RNA is ___ and ___
Reactive; Unstable
