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Intro To Jazz > Chapter 1- Musical Orientation, Musical Elements > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Musical Orientation, Musical Elements Flashcards

1
Q

Timbre

A

Quality of sound, tone, or color
All instruments have distinct qualities
Something we control

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2
Q

Mutes

A

Physical devices inserted into the bell of the instrument to distort the sounds coming out

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3
Q

Timbre variation

A

Use of unusual sounds for expressive purposes; physically change the sound with mutes, musical variation in jazz and can be used to find ones owns sound.

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4
Q

Ensemble

A

Vary in size. Most common is trio (3-4) in groups. Combos or rhythm section. Large ensembles can include horn, wind, and percussion sections

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5
Q

Inventing a musical statement

A

Improvising

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6
Q

wind players generate a slight wobble in pitch; musicians can modify the sound by adjusting the length of tube or blowing with heavy intensity

A

vibrato

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7
Q

embouchure

A

positioning of the lips & other facial muscles. Forces the vibration to suddenly jump to a new level, raising the pitch

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8
Q

trumpet

A

brass; has unmistakable timbre; a brittle, crisp attack with brillant overtakes, most common brass instrument ; cylindrical tubing except for the bell

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9
Q

half-valving

A

musician can vary timbre; depressing one or more of the valves only halfway

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10
Q

straight mute

A

inserts directly into the bell of instrument, quiets the sound without too much distortion

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11
Q

adds an extension that more or less covers the bell, attenuating the sound while rounding out

A

cup mute

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12
Q

hollow mute with a hole in the center

A

harmon mute

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13
Q

rubber end of a sink plunger

A

plunger mute

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14
Q

trombone

A

occasionally comical slide enables the player to glide seamlessly from one note to another, known as a glissando or smear

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15
Q

slim, cylindrical, wooden tube that produces a thin occasionally shrill sound; standard concept to New Orleans. Achieved greater during Swing Era of 1930s

A

Clarinet

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16
Q

Bass Clarinet

A

pitched lower than regular clarinet

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17
Q

saxophone

A

often used are alto, tenor, soprano, and baritone . Early jazz and vaudeville musicians used it for comic effect as much as anything else. By 1930, became one of main instruments of American music( especially alto and tenor)

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18
Q

cornet

A

has extra layer of tubing and a deeper mouthpiece, producing a slightly mellower timbre, than from a trumpet. Used until 1926 then trumpet took over

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19
Q

growling

A

vary qualities of pitches by flicking their tongue against the mouthpiece

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20
Q

multiphonics

A

blowing intensely enough to produce more than 1 pitch

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21
Q

harmony

A

instruments naturally designed to play chords

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22
Q

rhythm section

A

Consists of instruments that provide harmony, bass, and percussion.

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23
Q

What jazz ensemble is built on. The rock of the jazz ensemble

A

Bass

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24
Q

2 crucial functions to the bass

A

Harmonic support, and providing basic underlying rhythmic foundations

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25
Q

Most common bass

A

string bass/ double bass. used more in symphony orchestras

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26
Q

used for more classical musicians; draw a horsehair bow across the strings

A

Arco (Bass)

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27
Q

plucking the strings with fingers

A

Pizzicato

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28
Q

Electric Bass

A

lacks natural resonance of string bass, but has loudness and portability

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29
Q

one-man percussion section within the rhythm section within the band

A

Drum Kit (traps)

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30
Q

front and center

A

Bass Drum

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31
Q

Snare Drum

A

le stand at penetrating, rattling sound, stands on an adjustable stand at knee level

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32
Q

Tom-Toms

A

2 or more middle-size drums without snares

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33
Q

Ride Cymbal

A

clear, focused, timbre, and is played more or less continuously. Band “rides” on rhythmic pulse

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34
Q

Crash Cymbal

A

splashy, indeterminate pitch, used for dramatic punctuations; small

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35
Q

consists of 2 shoulder-level cymbals on an upright pole with a foot pedal at base

A

High-Hat

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36
Q

strike or literally brush the drum heads

A

Wire Brushes

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37
Q

conveying a soft, quiet rumble

A

Mallets

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38
Q

Congas

A

latin; percussion mostly; tall drums of equal height but different diameters, with the smaller one assigned the lead role

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39
Q

Timbales

A

2 drums mounted on a stand along with a cowbell and played with sticks by a standing musician

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40
Q

Shakers

A

(Macraca) is a gourd with ridges

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41
Q

Scrapers

A

(guiro) is a gourd with ridges

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42
Q

moving at a given tempo(speed); basic approach to Jazz

A

pulse rhythm

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43
Q

beat

A

pulse

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44
Q

meter

A

group pulses into patterns

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45
Q

double meter

A

beats patterned in twos or fours: (most common)

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46
Q

breath rhythm (meter)

A

more elusive and flexible

47
Q

when musician breathe, can speed up or slow down or even for a time(stop) altogether

A

free rhythm

48
Q

what music is organized in; highly individualized parts that contrast with one another, even as they serve to create a unified whole

A

rhythmic layers

49
Q

polyrhythm/ rhythmic contrast

A

simultaneous use of contrasting rhythms

African music always at least have 2 different rhythmic layers going on at the same time

50
Q

foundation layer

A

most basic rhythms; continuous, unchanging patterns whose very repetition provides a framework for the whole

51
Q

keeping time

A

essential part of music making; is persistent and repetitive (bass and ride cymbal)

52
Q

Adds contrasting parts above the foundation layer; jazz soloists add the layers and also the rhythm section( piano chords, drums)

A

variable layers

53
Q

syncopation

A

a temporary “special effect”; whenever a strong accent contradicts the basic meter; central to jazz rhythm

54
Q

downbeat

A

the 1st beat of every measure

55
Q

backbeat

A

offers a simple way for listeners to contribute (ex.stop or silently respond)

56
Q

Groove

A

Overall rhythmic framework within which rhythmic events occur(ex. 4 beat rhythm with a backbeat)

57
Q

Swing

A

Like groove, with an uneven division of beat, with the first division longer then the second . Notes known as swing eighths and written as even eighths.

58
Q

fundamental unit of melody; collection of pitches within the octave

A

Scale

59
Q

divided equally into 12 notes, counting white and black sets( piano keyboard)

A

octave

60
Q

half-step

A

distance between each 2 adjacent notes, shortest distance between notes on a piano

61
Q

chromatic scale

A

scale of 12 notes

62
Q

major scale/mode

A

The Do Re Mi scale. Made up of 7 degrees. happy, peaceful, most basic in western music

63
Q

minor mode

A

white keys from A to A; used in classical mode as major’s opposite. sad, moody, angry, tragic

64
Q

follows a specific pattern of half steps and whole steps, consists of 7 notes

A

minor and major mode

65
Q

whole steps

A

distance of 2 half steps

66
Q

blues scale

A

collection of pitches, but also central musical influence(African American); system of making melody that includes variable intonation (blue/bent notes)

67
Q

variable intonation

A

tuning system that allows for certain pitches to fluctuate by microtunes; creating blue notes or bent notes

68
Q

Blue/Bent Notes

A

notes in which the pitch is bent expressively. Available on most instruments but piano is problematic. Occur on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th degrees of the scale

69
Q

2 or more notes played at the same time

A

chord

70
Q

3 notes playing every other white key on piano (C-E-G, D-F-A, E-G-B)

A

triads

71
Q

root

A

each triad takes its name from the bottom note

72
Q

extended chords

A

producing more elaborate harmonies

73
Q

series of chords placed in a strict rhythmic sequence, movement from chord to chord, also called change

A

harmonic progression

74
Q

unstable or jarring, chords pulled as if by gravity to consonant(stable) chords

A

dissonant

75
Q

tonic (I chord)

A

first degree of the scale, or the chord built on the first scale degree

76
Q

phrase

A

chord progression comes to rest

77
Q

cadence

A

stopping places that divide a harmonic progression into phrases

78
Q

half-cadence

A

musical stopping point on dominant, sound incomplete; like a comma providing a stop but not signaling a full closure

79
Q

full-cadence

A

melody and harmony conveying on the stable home chord(tonic) 1st phrase like a question, 2nd answers

80
Q

balance between harmony and melody

A

texture

81
Q

melody supported by harmonic accompaniment

A

homophony

82
Q

melody exists on its own; without harmonic accompaniment

A

monophony

83
Q

2 or more melodies of equal interest or played at the same time

A

polyphony

84
Q

block chord texture

A

big bands; 2 or more instruments play some phrase with the same rhythmic patterns, but with different pitches filling out the harmony

85
Q

countermelody or obbligato

A

subordinate instruments have melodic interest of their own, but not enough to complete with the main melody

86
Q

rests

A

silences

87
Q

breaks

A

the rest of the band briefly stops playing to let the musician solo; usually 2 or 4 bars long

88
Q

stop time rhythm

A

ensemble plays a short chord at brief intervals; once every bar or once every other bar. soloists improvises with just these interruptions from the band prodding them on. Open ended; but can last as long as the musician wants

89
Q

cadenza/ radiant trumpet fanfare

A

keeps us on the edge of our seat until the rest of the band enters

90
Q

Sometimes you “get” jazz , sometimes you don’t

A

Empathy

91
Q

Largest category of jazz instruments

A

Wind

92
Q

Winds

A

Produce sound by vibrating a column of air that can be modified by changing the length of the column or overblowing

93
Q

Overblowing is achieved by

A

Changing the embouchure and by increasing pressure

94
Q

Controls the length of tubing

A

Valves

95
Q

Reed instruments

A

Sounds created by vibrating reed that is clamped to a mouthpiece and placed between the lips.!jazz instruments use single reeds, which can vary in thickness

96
Q

Sound can be varied in reed instruments by

A

Pressing the tongue on the reed, changing lip and tongue pressure, flicking the tongue against the reed, or overblowing , which can result in multiphonics

97
Q

Harmony instruments

A

Piano(most important b/c of popularity and range), guitar, banjo, electric piano, organ, vibraphone. Most common rhythm section is bass, drums, and piano.

98
Q

In early jazz, which instrument provided the bass

A

Tuba

99
Q

How percussion section can alter timbre

A

Tape on cymbals, different size sticks, wire brushes, mallets

100
Q

Latin percussion

A

Congas, bongos, timbales, maracas, guiro

101
Q

Indicators of loudness (dynamics)

A

Softest( pianissimo; pp), soft (piano;p), medium soft( mezzo piano; mp), medium loud (mezzo fort; fm), loud (forte;f), loudest(fortissimo;ff)

102
Q

Triple meter

A

3 pulses or beats per measure ; irregular meters can be in fives

103
Q

Measure

A

Distance between down beats. Can be thought of as a small cycle; a repeated fixed unit

104
Q

Difficult to define but occurs when all the rhythms interlock

A

Swinging

105
Q

Pitch

A

Measure of notes frequency: higher the frequency the higher the note.

106
Q

Major scale is a major because

A

It’s pattern of pitches made up of whole steps and half steps regardless of the first note. They can be transposed

107
Q

Diatonic scale

A

Both major and minor scales have seven notes

108
Q

Pentatonic scale

A

Five notes

109
Q

Whole tone scale

A

Six more scale made up of whole notes

110
Q

Phrasing includes

A

The length of each phrase

111
Q

Licks

A

Phrases that are part of the common vocabulary of improvised jazz

112
Q

Motive

A

Small musical idea that is used as a source of variation

113
Q

Riff

A

Repeated fragment of melody, ostinato riff; a riff repeats insistently

Intro To Jazz (1 decks)

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