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Geography GCSE💚 > Chapter 1 - Natural Hazards > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Natural Hazards Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

Lithosphere

A

The uppermost layer of the earth. It is cool and brittle. It includes the very top of the mantle and above this is the crust.

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2
Q

Asthenosphere

A

Part of the earth’s mantle. It is hot, semi molten layer that lies beneath the tectonic plates

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3
Q

Outer core

A

Liquid (iron/nickel alloy)

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4
Q

Inner core

A

Solid

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5
Q

Continental crust

A 
Forms the land
Made of thick granite
Low density
Floats high on mantle
Granite is less dense than the Mantle basalt 
30-50 km thick
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6
Q

Oceanic crust

A 
Under the oceans
Very thin
1-3 miles
Made of basalt rock 
Same kind of rock as found in the mantle 
More dense
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7
Q

Tectonic plates move because…

A

Of convection currents

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8
Q

Plumes

A

Convection cells where heat moves towards the surface
Bring magma to the surface
Others plumes are like columns of heat which form hot spots (Yellowstone)

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9
Q

Radioactive decay

A

Uranium, potassium, potherum are some examples
They have a time limit before they decay and release heat and energy
50%of the earth’s heat comes from this
Produces 20-30 terwatts
Unstable isotopes

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10
Q

Pangea

A

The 25 million year ago super continent

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11
Q

Hot spot

A

A place in centre of a place where magma rises. This causes the lithosphere to melt and magma pushes through the crust to form volcanoes

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12
Q

Queen Mary’s Peak

A

Shield volcano

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13
Q

My. Pinatibo

A

Composite volcano

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14
Q

Tsunami

A

The upper plate is bent under enormous stresses and when that pressure is released it causes the tsunami

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15
Q

When was Sendai Japan earthquake

A

11 mar 2011

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16
Q

Magnitude Sendai earthquake (Japan)

A

9.0

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17
Q

Sendai focus

A

30 km below convergent plate boundary

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18
Q

Sendai epicentre

A

70km from coast in Sendai Bay

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19
Q

Dams collapse - Sendai (primary effects(

A

1 dam collapsed

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20
Q

Sendai nuclear power station damage

A

2 nuclear power stations damaged

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21
Q

Sendai amount of damage

A

US $235 billion of damage with tsunami + earthquake

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22
Q

Sendai - people died (secondary effects)

A

15,900 died

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23
Q

Sendai people missing

A

2,600

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24
Q

Sendai people injured

A

6150 injured

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25
Sendai people homeless
350,000 (93% of deaths caused by drowning )
26
When was Port au Prince Haiti earthquake
12 jan 2010
27
Port-au-Prince magnitude earthquake (Haiti)
7.0
28
Port au Prince focus
13km deep on a conservative plate boundary
29
Port au Prince epicentre
25km from Port au Prince (population 2.5 million)
30
Port au Prince people died (primary effects)
316,000 died
31
Port au Prince injured
300,000
32
Port au Prince homeless
1 Million People
33
Port au Prince infrastructure damage
Port, communication links + major roads were damaged
34
Port au Prince cholera outbreak (secondary effects)
8000 killed
35
Port au Prince clothing factories
Important factories damaged - 60% of Haiti’s exports | ^ 1 in 5 jobs were lost
36
Port au Prince rehousing
By 2015, most people had been rehoused
39
Structure of the earth
Upper mantle Lower mantle Outer core Inner core
40
Lithosphere
Cool + bristle - includes top of mantle + the crust
41
Asthenosphere
‘Lubricating layer’ under lithosphere (partly motel work, partly solid rock)
42
Continental crust
Forms the land Made of Granite (low density igneous rock) 30-50km thick
43
Oceanic crust
Under the oceans Made of basalt (denser than igneous rock) 6-8km thick
44
Meteorites
Fragments of rock and metal that fell to earth form space
45
Types of meteorites
Stony (similar composition to basalt) Stony - iron (lot of mineral olivine) Iron (solid lumps of iron and nickel)
46
We know the inside of earth is hot because of...
Molten lava spewing from active volcanoes Hot spring Geysers
47
Geothermal
Heat from inside the earth produced by radioactive decay (atoms of radioactive elements release particles from nuclei + produce heat)
48
Earth’s core temp
5000 C
49
Inner core (state)
So deep + under pressure it stays solid
50
Outer core (state)
Liquid because of low pressure
51
Convection currents
When heat rises form the core + created convection currents in liquid outer core + mantle Vast mantle currents can move earth’s tectonic plates
52
‘Engine’ of plate tectonics
Radioactivity
53
Plumes
Parts of convection cells where heat towards the surface concentrated zones of heat - inside mantle is less dense (plumes bring magma)
54
Magnetosphere
Huge magnetic field surrounding earth (e.g northern lights or aurora borealis) when radiation from space hits the magnetosphere + lights up the sky
55
What produces magnetosphere
Liquid iron flow in the outer core
56
Tectonic plates
Earth’s split into 15 tectonic plates
57
Plate boundary
Where two plates meet
58
Divergent plate boundary
Where two plates move apart
59
Convergent plate boundary
Where two plates collide
60
Conservative plate boundary
Where two plates slide past each other
61
How does new oceanic crust form at divergent boundary
Convection current bring magma up from the mantle The magma is injected between the separating plates As the magma cools down, it forms new oceanic crust The plates continue to move apart - more magma is injected
62
What is VEI
Volcanic explosivity index - measures destructive power = scale 1-8 (Never experienced 8)
63
Subduction
Oceanic crust sinking into the mantle at a convergent plate - as it melts, it goes back in the mantle
64
Can continental crust be subducted?
Less dense so NO

Geography GCSE💚 (3 decks)

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