Chapter 1 OrganizationOf The Human Body

Question 1

The science of body structures and relationships among the structures.

Answer 1

Anatomy

Question 2

The science of body functions.

Answer 2

Physiology

Question 3

The first eight weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg

Answer 3

Embryology

Question 4

Cellular structure and function

Answer 4

Cell Biology

Question 5

Microscopic structure of

tissues.

Answer 5

Histology

Question 6

Structures that can be

examined without a microscope

Answer 6

Gross Anatomy

Question 7

Structure of specific

systems of the body such as the nervous or respiratory systems

Answer 7

Systemic Anatomy

Question 8

Specific regions of the

body such as the head or chest.

Answer 8

Regional Anatomy

Question 9

Surface markings of the

body

Answer 9

Surface Anatomy

Question 10

Structural changes

associated with disease.

Answer 10

Pathological Anatomy

Question 11

the sum of all the chemical

processes that occur in the body

Answer 11

Metabolism

Question 12

is the breakdown of complex

chemical substances into simpler components

Answer 12

Catabolism

Question 13

is the building up of complex
chemical substances from smaller, simpler
components

Answer 13

Anabolism

Question 14

the condition of equilibrium

in the body’s internal environment.

Answer 14

Homeostasis

Question 15

dilute, watery solutions
found both inside cells and surrounding
cells.

Answer 15

Body fluids

Question 16

the fluid within

body cells

Answer 16

Intracellular fluid (intra- = inside), ICF

Question 17

the fluid

outside body cells

Answer 17

Extracellular fluid (extra- = outside), ECF

Question 18

ECF filling spaces between cells

Answer 18

Interstitial fluid

Question 19

ECF within blood vessels

Answer 19

Blood plasma

Question 20

ECF within lymphatic vessels

Answer 20

Lymph

Question 21

ECF in and around

the brain and spinal cord

Answer 21

Cerebrospinal fluid

Question 22

ECF in joints

Answer 22

Synovial fluid

Question 23

two

different types of ECF within the eyes

Answer 23

Aqueous humor and Vitreous body

Question 24

two control

systems of the body

Answer 24

– Nervous system, by means of nerve impulses

– Endocrine system, by means of hormones

– Operate mainly through negative feedback systems

Question 25

Components of a | feedback system are

Answer 25

– Receptor – Control center – Effector

Question 26

Most commonly used feedback system Reverses a change in a controlled condition

Answer 26

Negative feedback system

Question 27

Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions Continues until interrupted by some mechanism outside the system

Answer 27

Positive feedback system

Question 28

any abnormality of structure or | function

Answer 28

Disorder

Question 29

more specific term for an illness characterized by recognizable signs and symptoms.

Answer 29

Disease (Local and Systemic)

Question 30

objective changes that can be | observed and measured (such as swelling, rash, fever, high blood pressure)

Answer 30

Signs

Question 31

subjective changes not apparent to an observer (such as headache, nausea, anxiety)

Answer 31

Symptoms

Question 32

Cephalic

Answer 32

Head

Question 33

Cranial

Answer 33

Skull

Question 34

Cervical

Answer 34

Neck

Question 35

Otic

Answer 35

Ear

Question 36

Orbital

Answer 36

Eye

Question 37

Oral

Answer 37

Mouth

Question 38

Buccal

Answer 38

Cheek

Question 39

Thoracic

Answer 39

Chest

Question 40

Abdominal

Answer 40

Abdomen

Question 41

Pelvic

Answer 41

Pelvis

Question 42

Axillary

Answer 42

Armpit

Question 43

Brachial

Answer 43

Arm

Question 44

Cubital

Answer 44

Elbow

Question 45

Antebrachial

Answer 45

Forearm

Question 46

Carpal

Answer 46

Wrist

Question 47

Metacarpal

Answer 47

Hand/Palm

Question 48

Inguinal

Answer 48

Groin

Question 49

Coxal

Answer 49

Hips

Question 50

Gluteal

Answer 50

Buttock

Question 51

Femoral

Answer 51

Thigh

Question 52

Patellar

Answer 52

Knee

Question 53

Crural

Answer 53

Leg

Question 54

Sural

Answer 54

Calf

Question 55

Tarsal

Answer 55

Ankle

Question 56

Digital or Phalangeal

Answer 56

Toes/Fingers

Question 57

Dorsum

Answer 57

Top of foot

Question 58

Plantar

Answer 58

Sole of foot

Question 59

Superior

Answer 59

Above, top, toward head

Question 60

Inferior

Answer 60

Below, bottom, away from head

Question 61

Anterior (Ventral)

Answer 61

Toward the front

Question 62

Posterior (Dorsal)

Answer 62

Toward the back

Question 63

Medial

Answer 63

Toward the midline

Question 64

Lateral

Answer 64

Away from midline

Question 65

Nearest to the origination

Answer 65

Proximal

Question 66

Farther from the origination

Answer 66

Distal

Question 67

Same side of the body

Answer 67

Ipsilateral

Question 68

Opposite side of the body

Answer 68

Contralateral

Question 69

Towards the surface

Answer 69

Superficial

Question 70

Towards the core of the body

Answer 70

Deep

Question 71

Covering over an organ

Answer 71

Visceral

Question 72

Covering against a cavity wall

Answer 72

Parietal

Question 73

Dorsal body | cavity comprises of

Answer 73

– Cranial cavity | – Vertebral canal

Question 74

Ventral body | cavity comprises of

Answer 74

– Thoracic cavity | – Abdominopelvic cavity

Question 75

cavity is subdivided into lateral plural cavities, and the mediastinum which contains the pericardial cavity (enclosing the heart), esophagus, trachea, etc.

Answer 75

Thoracic cavity

Question 76

Extends from the diaphragm to the groin ``` Divided into two portions, although no structure separates them ```

Answer 76

Abdominopelvic cavity – Abdominal cavity – Pelvic cavity

Question 77

a membrane that lines a body cavity that does open to the exterior

Answer 77

mucous membrane

Question 78

a membrane that lines a body cavity that does not open to the exterior

Answer 78

serous membrane

Question 79

The parts of the serous membrane are:

Answer 79

* The visceral layer, next to the viscera * The parietal layer, lining the wall of the cavity There is a cavity between the two membranes (layers) containing serous fluid which reduces friction during movement

Question 80

serous membrane of pleural cavities

Answer 80

Pleura – Visceral pleura on surface of lungs – Parietal pleura lines chest wall – Pleural cavity between the two

Question 81

serous membrane of pericardial cavity

Answer 81

Pericardium – Visceral pericardium covers surface of heart – Parietal pericardium lines chest wall – Pericardial cavity between the two

Question 82

serous membrane of abdominal | cavity

Answer 82

Peritoneum – Visceral peritoneum covers the abdominal viscera – Parietal peritoneum lines abdominal wall – Peritoneal cavity between the two

Question 83

inflammation of the pleurae

Answer 83

Pleurisy

Question 84

inflammation of the peritonea

Answer 84

Peritonitis

Question 85

The organs that are located behind the parietal peritoneum, between it and the posterior abdominal wall.

Answer 85

Retroperitoneal ``` – Kidneys – Adrenal glands – Pancreas – Duodenum of the small intestine – Ascending and descending colons of the large intestine ```

Question 86

Abdominopelvic regions Nine regions formed by four lines

Answer 86

– Top horizontal line = subcostal line – Bottom horizontal line = transtubercular line – Vertical lines = midclavicular lines

Question 87

Abdominopelvic quadrants Four quadrants formed by two lines

Answer 87

– Vertical through umbilicus – Horizontal through umbilicus