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Network Security > Chapter 1: OSI Model Network Functions > Flashcards

Chapter 1: OSI Model Network Functions Flashcards

1
Q

What does OSI stand for?

A

Open Systems Interconnection

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2
Q

Who created the OSI model?

A

International Organization for Standards (ISO)

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3
Q

What is the purpose of OSI?

A

Divides network technologies into 7 functional layers in an effort to make implementing and troubleshooting networks easier

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4
Q

What is a network?

A

When two or more computer systems are linked via a transmission medium and that share one or more protocols that enable them to exchange data

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5
Q

What is a network protocol?

A

Set of rules for exchanging data in a structured format

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6
Q

What are the two principal forms of network protocols?

A

Addressing and encapsulation

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7
Q

What does encapsulation entail when it comes to network protocols?

A

Determines how data is packaged for transmission. In the OSI model, as data moves from upper to lower layers, the sending node attaches a header to the data payload

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8
Q

What is the header attached to a data payload by each node within a layer called?

A

Protocol Data Unit (PDU)

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9
Q

What is decapsulation?

A

The process of removing headers as a data payload moves from the lower to upper layers of the OSI model

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10
Q

What is required for same-layer interactions?

A

Same protocols must be present at both nodes within the same layer

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11
Q

How do layers interact, in general, with other layers in the OSI model?

A

Layers provide services for layers above them within the model, and use services of layers below

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12
Q

What are the seven layers of the OSI model?

A

Layer 7: Application
Layer 6: Presentation
Layer 5: Session
Layer 4: Transport
Layer 3: Network
Layer 2: Data Link
Layer 1: Physical

“All People Seem To Need Data Processing”

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13
Q

What does Layer 1 of the OSI model entail?

A

Physical Layer

Includes the physical structure of the network, such as cables, switches, and network interface cards (NICs)

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14
Q

What does Layer 1 of the OSI model handle?

A

Transmission and receipt of signals that represent data (bits) from one node to another

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15
Q

What are the two types of networks?

A

Cabled and wireless

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16
Q

What is another name for cabled networks?

A

Bounded media

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17
Q

What are the three general types of cable?

A

Coaxial, twisted pair, fiber optic

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18
Q

What is coaxial cable used for?

A

Cable Internet and TV

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19
Q

What is twisted pair and fiber optic cable used for?

A

Ethernet networks

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20
Q

In general, what is fiber optic cable preferred for over twister pair cable?

A

High-speed connections

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21
Q

What is a wireless network?

A

A network that uses free space between nodes such as via microwave media

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22
Q

What is another name for wireless

A

Unbounded media

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23
Q

What all does Layer 1 of the OSI model specify?

A
  1. physical topology
  2. physical interface
  3. modulation schemes and timing/synchronization
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24
Q

What is a segment in reference to Layer 1?

A

Where all nodes share access to same media

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25
Q

What are some examples of devices that are considered part of Layer 1 of the OSI model?

A

Transceivers, repeaters, hubs, media converters, modems, etc.

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26
Q

What is a repeater?

A

A repeater amplifies an electronic signal to extend maximum allowable distance for a media type

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27
Q

What is a hub?

A

A multiport repeater that serves as a central point of node connections

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28
Q

What functions do modems perform?

A

Signal modulation and demodulation

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29
Q

What does Layer 2 of the OSI model handle?

A

Data Link Layer

transfers data, as frames, between nodes on a logical segment

30
Q

What does a segment entail in reference to Layer 2 of the OSI model?

A

where all nodes can send traffic to one another using hardware addresses, even without access to same media

31
Q

What are the two sublayers of Layer 2 of the OSI model?

A

Logical Link Control (LLC) and Media Access Control (MAC)

32
Q

What is Logical Link Control (LLC)?

A

Establishes flow control and error detection via protocols

33
Q

What is protocol multiplexing?

A

Where multiple network layer protocols operate over some network link between MAC and network layer

34
Q

What is Media Access Control (MAC)?

A

entails physical addressing and access to physical network medium

35
Q

What is physical addressing?

A

defines hardware and MAC accesses used to ID devices within a segment

36
Q

What is the PDU for Layer 2?

A

Frames

37
Q

What is a local or hardware address?

A

Address of interfaces

38
Q

What is a MAC address?

A

ID for NICs

39
Q

What is a host node?

A

End-user system that sends and receives information

40
Q

What is an intermediate system?

A

An infrastructure node that only provides forwarding functions

41
Q

What devices are part of Layer 2 of the OSI model?

A

network adapters and NICs, bridges, switches, frame relay devices, wireless access points (WAPs)

42
Q

What do network adapters and NICs do?

A

Join end user systems to network media and assembles/disassembles frames

43
Q

What is a bridge?

A

An intermediate system

44
Q

What is a switch?

A

An advanced bridge for many nodes on a local area network (LAN) that uses MAC addresses to forward data frames to devices on LAN

45
Q

What is a frame relay device?

A

Connects LANS to wide area networks (WANs)

46
Q

What does a wireless access point do?

A

Allows nodes with wireless network cards to communicate and creates a bridge between wireless networks and wired ones

47
Q

What does Layer 3 of the OSI model handle?

A

Network

Moves data, as packets or datagrams, around network of networks (Internet) by determining best path from source to destination

48
Q

What is an IP address?

A

A unique ID for a device on a network

49
Q

What is a subnet?

A

A subdivision of an IP network

50
Q

What does Layer 4 of the OSI model handle?

A

Transport

Handles end-to-end or host-to-host layer transportation protocols

51
Q

What is PDU for Layer 3?

A

Packets or datagrams

52
Q

What are the two transport protocols?

A

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

53
Q

What are the main differences between TCP and UDP?

A

TCP is more reliable, while UDP is faster

54
Q

What is a port?

A

An identifying number assigned to each type of network application

55
Q

What hardware and software operates at Layer 4?

A

multilayer switches, security applications - advanced firewalls and intrusion detection systems (IDSs)

56
Q

What common characteristics are there between the Upper Layers of the OSI model?

A

provide useful interfaces between software application and transport layer and use data

commonly grouped together into one layer

57
Q

What is a session?

A

Also known as a dialog

exchange of sequence of messages between client and server

58
Q

What does Layer 5 of the OSI model entail?

A

Functions that administer the process of establishing dialog, managing data transfer, and ending a session

59
Q

What are session protocols?

A

Rules for establishing and maintaining connections

60
Q

What are two examples of session protocols?

A

NetBIOS and Remote Procedure Call (RPC)

61
Q

What is RPC?

A

Allows program execution on another computer

62
Q

What does Layer 6 of the OSI model handle?

A

Presentation

Changes data between format required for network and format for application, i.e. translation, encryption, compression, format correction

63
Q

What is an example of a software in Layer 6 of the OSI model?

A

Character set conversion such as ASCII and UTF-8

64
Q

What is ASCII?

A

Standard software for English alphabet

65
Q

What is UTF-8?

A

Includes all possible characters via Unicode

66
Q

What does Layer 7 of the OSI model handle?

A

Application

provides interface for software programs on network hosts that have established a communication channel through lower-layer protocols to exchange data

67
Q

What are application protocols?

A

Rules for communication between applications

68
Q

What are three examples of application protocols?

A

HTMP, SMTP, FTP

69
Q

What is HTTP?

A

Hypertext Transport Protocol

70
Q

What is SMTP?

A

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol

71
Q

What is FTP?

A

File Transfer Protocol

Network Security (3 decks)

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