Chapter 1 Overview of CNS

Question 1

What are the divisions of the Nervous System

Answer 1

Central and Peripheral

Question 2

What are the divisions of the PNS?

Answer 2

Somatic + Autonomic

Question 2

What is the role of Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system?

Answer 2

Somatic - voluntary control. Autonomic is Involuntary control( the sense and motor nerves innervate glands and visceral organs)

Question 3

What are the subtypes of the Autonomic nervous system ?

Answer 3

Sympathetic and Parasympathetic

Question 4

What is the function of Sympathetic and parasympathetic system?

Answer 4

Sympathetic - prepares the body for fight, flight or fear - by activating glands and visceral organs to spend body energy . Parasympathetic body - brings the body back to homeostasis or normal post the activation of the Sympathetic system - conserves the energy.

Question 5

• What is the smallest functional unit of the brain?

Answer 5

Neuron

Question 6

What are the 3 main elements of a neuron?

Answer 6

cell body, dendrites, axon

Question 7

What does cell body contain?

Answer 7

• Cell body or soma containing nucleus and main organelles

Question 8

Dendrites function?

Answer 8

Receive info from other neurons or cells

Question 9

Axon parts?

Answer 9

Axon hillock + Axon initial segment

Question 10

Where is the action potential generated?

Answer 10

Axon hillock + Axon initial segment

Question 11

What is the location pf Axon hillock location ?

Answer 11

The last part of the cell body

Question 12

Which is the most electrically
excitable part of the neuron?

Answer 12

Axon initial segment

Question 13

What is myelination?

Answer 13

Fatty lipid from glial cells that surrounds and insulates the axon, allows for rapid conduction of Action potential

Question 14

Action potential is rapidly conducted in an unmyelinated axon or myelinated axon?

Answer 14

Myelinated axon

Question 15

What is an internode?

Answer 15

Portion of a nerve fiber between two Nodes of Ranvier. Formed by schwann cell

Question 16

What is the Axon terminal structure called?

Answer 16

synapse

Question 17

What is a synapse?

Answer 17

it is a functional unit that connects neuron to the target structure

Question 18

What does terminal Bouton do?

Answer 18

releases neurotransmitters

Question 19

What is the part between 2 communicating neurons called?

Answer 19

Synaptic cleft

Question 20

What do glial cells provide?

Answer 20

Metabolic requirements and myelination

Question 21

Neurons can be differentiated into two types? how ?

Answer 21

based on function and shape & size

Question 22

What are the 4 types of neurons?

Answer 22

1. Sensory - sensitive to various stimuli or
   receive direct connections from nonneural receptor
   cells. 2.motor neurons: these end directly on muscles, glands,
   or other neurons in PNS ganglia
2. interneurons: reside solely in the CNS, interconnecting
   other neurons
3. projection neurons: with long axons connecting, say a
   neuron in the cerebral cortex and the spinal cord.

Question 23

3 types of neurons based on shape / size?

Answer 23

Multipolar, bipolar and unipolar

Question 24

Which colour are cell bodies and dendrites mostly?

Answer 24

Grey

Question 25

Why are axons white?

Answer 25

Because of myelin - the fatty lipid gives it a whitish colour

Question 26

What part is the basis of thought and volition( will) in the brain or CNS?

Answer 26

Cerebral cortex

Question 27

Spinal cord + brain stem functions?

Answer 27

regulate autonomic functions

Question 28

What is the NEURAXIS?

Answer 28

CNS - Brain + spinal cord form an axis through the body

Question 29

Complexity of functions increases from spinal cord to cortex. True or False?

Answer 29

True

Question 30

3 planes of the brain

Answer 30

Horizontal, coronal and sagittal

Question 31

4 anatomical orientation of brain

Answer 31

Dorsal, Caudal, Ventral, Rostral or Superior , posterior, inferior , anterior. ( clockwise order)

Question 32

What is brain weight at birth?

Answer 32

* 400 g at birth

Question 33

Brain weight doubles by 3 why?

Answer 33

due to the addition of myelin and growth of neuron processes rather than the addition of neurons

Question 34

11-50 brain weight?

Answer 34

1400g ( double - 200g)

Question 35

Is there a correlation between brain size and mental ability ?

Answer 35

Yes, modest

Question 36

What is the key difference between human brain and animals?

Answer 36

complex neuronal interconnection and selective increase in the size of certain areas.

Question 37

What cover the surface of the brain ?

Answer 37

Sulci and gyrus

Question 38

What is sulcus, gyrus and fissure?

Answer 38

Gyrus - ridge. sulcus - groove b/w 2 ridges. Fissure - deep sulcus

Question 39

3 types of control?

Answer 39

Contralateral, ipsilateral and decussation

Question 40

What are some exceptions to contralateral control

Answer 40

Olfactory(smell), visceral pathways, taste

Question 41

What senses have ipsilateral pathways?

Answer 41

Sense of smell and taste

Question 42

Our somatotopic mapping is inverted? what does that mean

Answer 42

our foot receptors are represented at top and mouth at an inferior position

Question 43

Anatomical positioning of brains stem is different from brain

Answer 43

Rostral-- dorsal-- caudal- ventral ( one shift)

Question 44

Is intelligence defined by no. of neurons?

Answer 44

No determined by connection between those neurons

Question 45

How many neuron pathways involved in somatosensory information?

Answer 45

3 , skin - to spinal cord - brain - brain to skin.

Question 46

What is unique about the stretch reflex?

Answer 46

That there are only two neuron pathways involved, the reflex occurs at spinal cord level. The sensory neuron is connected to the motor neurons