Chapter 1 Part 1 Cell Structure

Question 1

List the 5 structures found in an animal cell.

Answer 1

Animal cells contain a nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, ribosome and mitochondria.

Question 2

Which 3 structures are found in a plant cell that is not found in an animal cell.

Answer 2

Animal cell do not have a vacuole, cell wall and chloroplasts.

Question 3

List 8 structures found in bacterial cells.

Answer 3

Bacterial cells contain genetic material, ribosomes, cytoplasm, cell wall, cell membrane, capsule and plasmids. Some also have flagella.

Question 4

What is the function of the cytoplasm?

Answer 4

The Cytoplasm is the site of chemical reactions.

Question 5

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 5

The Nucleus contains DNA and controls all the activities of the cell.

Question 6

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Answer 6

The Cell Membrane controls the entry and exit of substances from the cell.

Question 7

What is the function of the ribosome?

Answer 7

The Ribosome is the site of protein synthesis (production) within a cell.

Question 8

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Answer 8

The Mitochondria is the site of aerobic respiration (energy release).

Question 9

What is the function of the cell wall?

Answer 9

The Cell Wall is a rigid structure which provides support to the cell. In plant and algal cells it is made of cellulose.

Question 10

What is the function of the vacuole?

Answer 10

The Vacuole is a fluid filled cavity containing cell sap that helps store water and nutrients within the plant. It also provides support.

Question 11

What is the function of the chloroplasts?

Answer 11

The Chloroplasts contain a green pigment (chlorophyll) which traps sunlight for photosynthesis. These are found in algal cells and some plant cells.

Question 12

What is a plasmid and what type of cells is it found?

Answer 12

The Plasmid is a ring of DNA found in bacterial cells.

Question 13

What are plant and algal cell walls made from? What does this substance do to the cell?

Answer 13

Plant cell walls are made out of cellulose, bacterial cell walls are made out of a different substance. Cellulose strengthens the cell.

Question 14

What type of cells are prokaryotic? Which types are eukaryotic?

Answer 14

Bacterial cells are prokaryotic while plant and animal cells are eukaryotic.

Question 15

Which types of cells are single-celled? Which type can be multicellular?

Answer 15

All bacteria are single celled. Eukaryotes can be single celled or multicellular.

Question 16

How does the structure and location of DNA differ between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

Answer 16

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane bound nucleus. Prokaryotic cells have DNA in a loop found in the cytoplasm.

Question 17

Which are bigger, eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells?

Answer 17

Prokaryotic cells are much smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Question 18

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Answer 18

y

Question 19

What is magnification?

Answer 19

Magnification is the measure of how much an image is enlarged.

Question 20

What is resolution?

Answer 20

Resolution is a measure of how easily you can distinguish between 2 points.

Question 21

How do you calculate the total magnification of a light microscope?

Answer 21

The magnification of a microscope can be calculated by multiplying the magnification of the eyepiece lens with the magnification of the objective lens.

Question 22

How are electron microscopes better than light microscopes?

Answer 22

Electron microscopes have better resolution and can magnify images more than light microscopes. This means that it can be used to study cells in much finer detail. This has enabled biologists to see and understand many more sub-cellular structures.

Question 23

If you know the size of an image and the real size of an object how can you calculate magnification? Give the equation.

Answer 23

We can use the equation

magnification = size of image divieded by
size of real object

to calculate magnification. The equation can be rearranged to calculate the size of the image or the size of the real object.

Question 24

Complete the table
1 kilometre (km) = _____ metres (m)
1 m = ___ centimetres (cm)
1 cm = ___millimetres (mm)
1 mm = ____ micrometres (µm)
1 µm = ____ nanometres (nm)

Answer 24

Units of measurement
1 kilometre (km) = 1000 metres (m)
1 m = 100 centimetres (cm)
1 cm = 10 millimetres (mm)
1 mm = 1000 micrometres (µm)
1 µm = 1000 nanometres (nm)

Question 25

What should scientific drawings include?

Answer 25

Scientific drawings are simple and should include visible structures and the magnification.

Question 26

Almost all cells in multicellular organisms are specialised. What does this mean?

Answer 26

Almost all cells in multicellular organisms are specialised. They have structures that are adapted to suit their functions.

Question 27

List 3 plant cells that have specialised functions.

Answer 27

Specialised cells in plants include: root hair cells, photosynthetic cells, phloem and xylem.

Question 28

Give 3 ways that root hair cells in plants are suited to their function.

Answer 28

In plant cells root hair cells have a large surface area for osmosis to take place. They also have a large vacuole to hold the water and many mitochondria.

Question 29

How are photosynthetic cells suited to their function?

Answer 29

Photosynthetic cells contain many chloroplasts.

Question 30

What is the function of phloem cells? Give 2 ways they are suited to their function.

Answer 30

Phloem are specialised cells for the transport of the food made in photosynthesis. They have companion cells to provide energy and sieve plates to allow food to flow between cells.

Question 31

What is the function of xylem? Give 3 ways they are suited to their function.

Answer 31

Xylem tubes are hollow and dead to allow for the transport of water. They are lined with lignin to provide strength.

Question 32

List 3 specialised cells in animals.

Answer 32

Specialised cells in animals include: Nerve Cell, Sperm Cell, Muscle Cells

Question 33

What is the function of nerve cells? Give 2 ways they are specialised to carry out this function.

Answer 33

Nerve cells need to transport messages over long distances. They are able to do this by having long axons and dendrites that connect to other cells. They also have lots of mitochondria to provide the energy needed for the transmission of messages.

Question 34

What is the function of muscle cells? Give 3 ways they are well suited to their function.

Answer 34

Muscle cells contract to move bones. To be able to do this they have special muscles able to move over each other. They also have many mitochondria to provide the energy needed to contract and are able to store glycogen to fuel respiration.

Question 35

What is the function of sperm cells? Give 3 ways they are well suited to this function.

Answer 35

Sperm cells need to swim long distances to reach an egg for fertilisation to take place. They are specially adapted to have a tail for swimming, lots of mitochondria and special enzymes to break through the surface of the egg.