Chapter 1: Pathological Definitions Flashcards
(230 cards)
1
Q
Pathology
General concepts
A
The study of disease
2
Q
Disease
General concepts
A
A state in which a living organism is not in homeostasis
3
Q
Homeostasis
General concepts
A
A state of dynamic balance of life processes that exists in a healthy living organism
4
Q
Lesion
General concepts
A
An abnormality that arises in living tissue as a result of a loss of homeostasis. It may be 1. biochemical, 2. biochemical and microscopic, or 3. biochemical, microscopic and macroscopic.
5
Q
Somatic pathology
General concepts
A
The study of disease of the body.
soma = body
6
Q
Psychopathology
General concepts
A
The study of disease of the mind.
psyche = mind
7
Q
Aetiology
General concepts
A
The proximate cause of a specific disease.
8
Q
Specific disease
General concepts
A
A disease in which the proximate cause (aetiology) is known.
9
Q
Pathogenesis
General concepts
A
The development of a lesion and/or a disease in space and time.
10
Q
Diagnosis
General concepts
A
The identification of a disease by its name.
11
Q
Aetiological diagnosis
General concepts
A
The identification of the proximate cause of the disease that has been diagnosed.
12
Q
Lesion description
General concepts
A
What the lesion is perceived to be by using the senses of sight, touch and smell.
13
Q
Morphological diagnosis (MD)
General concepts
A
The identification of a lesion at macroscopical and/or microscopical level in terms of what the lesion is conceived to be.
14
Q
Root
of Morphological Diagnosis (MD)
General concepts
A
The fundamental name for the lesion.
15
Q
Qualifiers
of Morphological Diagnosis (MD)
General concepts
A
Terms that provide more information about the root for example degree (severity), time span, distribution, cause
16
Q
Genetic diseases
General concepts
A
Diseases in which the aetiology is primarily a defect or defects in the genes themselves.
17
Q
Environmental diseases
General concepts
A
Diseases in which the aetiology is primarily an environmental factor/s
18
Q
Mendelian Disorders
General concepts
A
Genetic dieases involving a single recessive or dominant gene pair
19
Q
Polygenic Disorders
General concepts
A
Genetic diseases involving more than one pair of genes
20
Q
Cytogenetic Disorders
General concepts
A
Genetic diseases involving abnormalities of parts of chromosomes or whole of chromosomes
21
Q
Infectious Diseases
General concepts
A
Diseases caused by pathogenic microscopic organisms
pathogenic microscopic organisms = pathogens
22
Q
Contagious Diseases
General concepts
A
A subset category of infectious diseases caused by pathogens which are easily transmitted by physical contact
23
Q
Iatrogenic
General concepts
A
Caused by the clinician
From the Greek word “iatros” = “healer” and “gennan” = “as product of”
24
Q
Idiopathic
General concepts
A
Of unknown cause. An idiopathic disease is one in which the aetiology is unknown or uncertain
25
The suffix: 'itis'
## Footnote
General concepts
Denotes an inflammatory lesion
| e.g. "hepatitis" = inflammation of the liver
26
The suffix: 'osis'
## Footnote
General concepts
Denotes diffuse cell injury
| e.g. "hepatosis" = diffuse liver cell injury
27
The suffix: 'opathy'
## Footnote
General concepts
Denotes the presence of a lesion of unknown nature in an organ and should only be used to indicate that you have no idea what the lesion is
| e.g. "encephalopathy" = lesion(s) in the brain (nature unestablished)
28
Atrophy
## Footnote
Adaptations of cells to chronic injury
The decrease in size of an organ or tissue due to a decrease in the size of the constituent cells (quantitative atrophy) and/or a decrease in the number of cells (numerical atrophy)
29
Hypertrophy
## Footnote
Adaptations of cells to chronic injury
The increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the constituent cells
30
Hyperplasia
## Footnote
Adaptations of cells to chronic injury
The incease in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of the constituent cells
31
Metaplasia
## Footnote
Adaptations of cells to chronic injury
The change in an organ or tissue of a cell from one type of mature cell to another type of mature cell of the same embryonal origin
32
Dysplasia
## Footnote
Adaptations of cells to chronic injury
The disorderly differentiation of the cells in a tissue, most often seen in the epidermis of the skin
33
Aplasia
## Footnote
Adaptations of cells to chronic injury
The failure of an embryonal anlage for an organ or tissue to develop (the anlage is present but not developed)
34
Agenesis
## Footnote
Adaptations of cells to chronic injury
The failure of an embryonal anlage to form (the anlage is absent)
35
Hypoplasia
## Footnote
Adaptations of cells to chronic injury
The failure of an organ or tissue to develop to its full size
36
Developmental defects
## Footnote
Adaptations of cells to chronic injury
The failure of specific embryological and/or foetal developmental processes
37
Hamartoma
## Footnote
Adaptations of cells to chronic injury
An overgrowth of normal tissue in a location in which it is normally found
38
Choristoma
## Footnote
Adaptations of cells to chronic injury
An overgrowth of normal tissue in a location in which it is not normally found
39
Involution
## Footnote
Adaptations of cells to chronic injury
The physiological decrease in the size of an organ or tissue following completion of a normal function
| (like mammary glands after weaning)
40
Cachexia
## Footnote
Adaptations of cells to chronic injury
The term used to describe an animal that shows atrophy of all the parenchymatous organs and skeletal muscles, serous atrophy of the body fat, and (non-regenerative) anaemia. Usually caused by starvation or chronic debilitating diseases.
41
Sublethal cell injury
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
Mild to moderate injury to the cell which is reversible should the cause of injury be removed
42
Lethal cell injury
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
Severe injury to the cell resulting in cell death
43
Direct membrane injury
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
Injury to the plasma membrane by a host of agents.
44
Indirect membrane injury
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
Injury to the plasma membrane secondary to ATP depletion caused by cellular hypoxia or cyanide poisoning
45
Oncosis
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
This is cell swelling (osmotic cell oedema) following on direct or indirect membrane injury, which may or may not be lethal
46
Lipidosis
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
The accumulation of triglkycerides in the cytoplasm of a cell
## Footnote
"osis" = diffuse cell injury
47
Necrosis
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
A process following cell death involves hydrolytic enzyme release from lysosomes with consequent denaturation and coagulation of the cytoplasmic proteins
48
Coagulative necrosis
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
The usual type of necrosis in which cell and tissue architecture is retained
49
Liquefactive necrosis
| = malacia
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
The type of necrosis in the CNS that is associated with softening of the tissues
50
Caseous necrosis
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
The type of necrosis seen in tuberculosis and caseous lymphadentis in which the necrotic tissue resembles crumbly cheese
51
Fat necrosis
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
The change seen in adipose tissue following the release of free fatty acids from adipocytes
52
Saponification
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
The chemical process induced in adipose tissue by free fatty acids that react with calcium ions to form alkaline salts known as soaps
53
Gangrene
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
Necrosis of tissues, usually the distal limbs and ears, mostly because of failure of the blood supply
54
Apoptosis
## Footnote
Sublethal and lethal cell injury
A process involving the activation of caspases and the Bcl2 gene in the cell, leading to cell death via a complex molecular cascade
| caspases = protease enzymes
Bcl2 gene = regulates cell death
55
Autophagy-associated cell death
## Footnote
Regulate cell death
A process in which cells generate energy and metabolites by digesting their own organelles and macromolecules, leading to cell death if nutrients are not received by the cell.
56
Programmed cell death
## Footnote
Regulate cell death
Genetically controlled cell death, which includes apoptosis and autophagy-associated cell death
57
Pycnosis
## Footnote
Regulate cell death
The process of condensation of nuclear chromatin following cell death
58
Karyorrhexis
## Footnote
Regulate cell death
The disintegration of the nucleus into bits of condensed chromatin following cell death
| "rrhexis" = rupture
59
Karyolysis
## Footnote
rupture of any vessel
The dissolution of nuclear chromatin following cell death
| "lysis" = break down
60
Lipid deposits
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
Intracellular vacuolar deposits with a variety of causes
61
Cholesterol deposits
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
Intracellular deposits in smooth muscle cells of arterial walls (=atherosclerosis) or extracellular deposits in old heaemorrhages
| "rrhage" = excessive flow
62
Protein deposits
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
Intracellular deposits in renal PCT cells in nephrotic syndrome, and overstimulated plasma cells. Extracellular deposits in the alveoli, blood vessel walls and on the basement membrane
| PCT = Proximal Convoluted Tubule
63
Glycogen
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
Exessive intracellular accumulation in hepatocytes in glycogen storage
64
Carbon
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
An exogenous pigment that causes anthracosis if inhaled or ingested
| "osis" = diffuse cell injury
65
Silica
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
An exogenous pigment that causes silicosis if inhaled or ingested
66
Asbestos
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
An exogenous pigment that causes asbestosis if inhaled or ingested
67
Copper
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
An exogenous pigment that may accumulate in the liver if ingested
68
Lipofuscins
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
Endogenous pigments derived from the breakdown of cell membranes that accumulate in post-mitotic cells of older individuals
69
Ceroid
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
An acid-fast, autofluorescent variant of lipofuscins
70
Melanin
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
A normal endogenous black pigment which is sometimes fount in abnormal locations
71
Pseudomelanin
72
Pseudomelanin
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
A black pigment (iron sulphide) formed post mortem (PM)
73
Haemosiderin
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
Intracellular aggregates of the endogenous pigment ferritin, mostly found in macrophages
| ferritin = iron + apoferritin
74
Bile pigments
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
Endogenous pigments derived from the breakdown of haemoglobin, which accumulate in bile cannaliculi, hepatocytes and renal PCT cells in diseases characterized by icterus
| icterus = jaundice (geelsig)
75
Haematoidin
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
A bright yellow pigment derived from haemoglobin at sites of haemorrhage in tissues
76
Acid haematin
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
A blackish brown pigment derived from haemoglobin as an artefact in tissues fixed in unbuffered (acid) formalin
77
Calcium salts
## Footnote
Intracellular and extracellular accumulations
are responsible for the radiopacity of bone, calcified cartilage, and arteriosclerotic plaques in arteries. Also used to prevent osteoporosis and to treat cardiac arrest and hyperkalaemia
78
Pathologic Calcification
## Footnote
Pathologic Calcification
The deposition of calcium salts in the cells and tissues of the body
79
Dystrophic Calcification
## Footnote
Pathologic Calcification
The deposition of calcium salts in dying and dead tissues
80
Hypercalcaemic calcification
| = metastatic calcification
## Footnote
Pathologic Calcification
The deposition of calcium salts in certain living tissues due to hypercalcaemia
81
Calcinosis
## Footnote
Pathologic Calcification
A disease complex in which their is calcification in the dermis of the skin
82
Cacinosis cutis
## Footnote
Pathologic Calcification
A calcinosis associated with hypercortisolism in dogs
83
Calcinosis circumscripta
## Footnote
Pathologic Calcification
An idiopathic calcinosis of mainly German Shepherds and Great Danes
| idiopathic = of unknown aetiology (cause)
84
Ectopic bone
The formation of new bone material where it does not belong
| Ectopic = tissue forms where it doesn't belong
85
Oedema
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
The swelling of tissues and organs by the presence of excessive serous fluid in the extravascular compartment
86
Transudate
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
The term used to decribe the serous fluid that accumulates in the extravacscular compartment
87
Modified transudate
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
A transudate containing some protein and cells
88
Hyperaemia
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
An increased volume of blood in a tissue or organ due to an increase in blood flow to that tissue or organ
89
Congestion
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
An increased volume of blood in a tissue or organ due to impaired venous drainage of that tissue or organ
90
Haemorrhage
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Is the extravasation of blood
91
Haemorrhage per rhexis
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Is due to physical injury to the vessel wall
| e.g. cuts or tears
92
Haemorrhage per diabrosis
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Is due to pathological processes affecting the vessel wall
| e.g. vasculitis
93
Haemorrhage per diapedesis
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Is due to seepage of blood between injured capillary endothelial cells
94
Petechium/ Petechiae
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Small, flat haemorrhge of about 1mm in diameter
95
Ecchymosis/ Ecchymoses
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Medium-sized, flat haemorrhage (about 2-15mm in diameter)
96
Suffusive haemorrhage
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Large flat haemorrhage (greater that 15mm diameter)
97
Haematoma
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Local (ofter spherical) accumulations of blood in tissue or organs
98
Thombus
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
A pathological clot in the lumen of blood or lymph vessel
99
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
A pathophysiological state in which there is excessive stimulation of the clotting cascade
100
Embolus
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
A detached (free-floating) physical mass in the lumen of a vessel
101
Infarct
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
A localised area of ischaemic necrosis in a tissue or organ produces by occlusion of the arterial supply or the venous drainage
| Ischaemic necrosis = Cell death caused by hypoxia
102
Arterial infarct
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
A localised area of ischaemic necrosis in a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of the arterial supply
| Ischaemic necrosis = cell death caused by hypoxia
103
Venous infarct
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
A localised area of ischaemic necrosis in a tissue or organ produced by occlusion of the venous drainage
| Ischaemic necrosis = cell death caused by hypoxia
104
Anaemic infarct
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
An infarct in which little or no bleeding occurs
| Also lnown as ischaemic/ white infarct
105
Haemorrhagic infarct
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
An infarct that is red because of the infiltration of blood from collateral vessels into the infacrt
| Also known as red infarct
106
Arteriosclerosis
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Sclerosis (hardening or thickening) of the arterial walls
107
Atherosclerosis
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
A stage of arteriosclerosis involving fatty deposits (artheromas) in the walls of arteries, thus narrowing the lumen
108
Clinical shock
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
A life-threatening failure of the circulatory system resulting in systemic hypoperfusion
109
Cardiogenic shock
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Medical shock caused by sudden cardiac failure
110
Hypovolaemic shock
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Medical shock caused by sudden loss of blood or blood plasma
111
Septic shock
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Medical shock caused by certain bacterial endotoxins or exotoxins
112
Neurogenic shock
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Medical shock caused by failure of sympathetic neurogenic vasoconstriction with consequent peripheral blood pooling
113
Anaphylactic shock
## Footnote
Circulatory disorders
Medical shock caused by vasodilation mediated by hitamine and cytokines
| Type I hypersensitivity
114
Inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
The reaction of tissues to injury
115
Mild inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
Minimal tissue reaction to injury
116
Severe inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
Massive tissue reaction to injury
117
Moderate inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
Reaction to injury is between mild and severe
118
Peracute inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
The first minutes to hours of an inflammatory reaction
119
Acute inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
An inflammatory reaction of a few hours to a few days duration
120
Subacute inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
An inflammatory reaction of a few days to a few weeks duration
121
Chronic inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
An inflammatory reaction of a few weeks to many months in duration
122
Chronic-active inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
An inflammatory reaction with both acute and chronic components
123
Focal inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
A single area of inflammation, which may vary in size
124
Multifocal inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
More than one scattered foci of inflammation, some of which are joining up (coalescing)
125
Locally extensive inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
Involvement of a large proportion of a tissue or organ
126
Diffuse inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
Involvement of ALL of the tissue or organ
127
Exudate
## Footnote
Inflammation
The cells, fluid and chemicals that pass (exude) from the blood vessel lumen into the injured cells
128
Purulent exudate
## Footnote
Inflammation
An exudate containing large numbers of leucocytes (=pus).
| Also called a supportive exudate
129
Abscess
## Footnote
Inflammation
A usually spherical structure consisting of purulent/ supporting exudate (pus) encapsulated in a fibrous capsule
130
Fibrinous exudate
## Footnote
Inflammation
An exudate containing a large amount of polymerized fibrinogen
131
Serous exudate
## Footnote
Inflammation
A watery exudate containing variable amounts of protein
132
Haemorrhagic exudate
## Footnote
Inflammation
An exudate consisting largely of blood
133
Catarrhal exudate
## Footnote
Inflammation
An exudate containing a large amount of mucus
134
Eosinophilic exudate
## Footnote
Inflammation
An exudate containing a large number of eosinophils
135
Lymphocytic exudate
## Footnote
Inflammation
An exudate containing a large number of lymphocytes
136
Plasmacytic exudate
## Footnote
Inflammation
An exudate containing large numbers of plasma cells
137
Granulomatous exudate
## Footnote
Inflammation
An exudate containing large numbers of macrophages
138
Pseudomembrane
## Footnote
Inflammation
A thin membrane covering a mucosal surface, composed of fibrinous exudate, mucus and necrotic and other debris
139
Epithelioid macrophage
## Footnote
Inflammation
Macrophages with ovoid nuclei and abundant cytoplasm, resembling epithelial cells
140
Multinucleate giant cells
## Footnote
Inflammation
Large cells with many nuclei in a common cytoplasm formed by the fusion of macrophages
141
Margination
## Footnote
Inflammation
The slow, rolling motion of leucocytes on the inside of the capillary wall in the pre-exudative phase of inflammation
142
Pavementing
## Footnote
Inflammation
Tightly packed marginated leucocytes
143
Emigration
## Footnote
Inflammation
The movement of leucocytes from the capillary lumen into the extracellular matrix
144
Chemotaxis
## Footnote
Inflammation
Directional migration in response to a chemoattractant gradient
145
Phagocytosis
## Footnote
Inflammation
The process by which certain cells internalize particles, hydrolyse them and eject the debris
146
Cytokines
## Footnote
Inflammation
Polypeptide mediators secreted by cells in response to a stimulus
147
Chemokines
## Footnote
Inflammation
A specific group of cytokines responsible for the selective attraction of various leukocytes
148
Opsonisation
## Footnote
Inflammation
The process in which bacteria are coated with C3b, antibody and fibronectin, rendering them more susceptible to phagocytosis
## Footnote
fibronectin = glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix that binds integrins
149
Chemical mediators of inflammation
## Footnote
Inflammation
Any messenger molecule that acts on inflammatory cells or other cells and blood vessels in order to contribute to the inflammatory response
150
Acute-phase proteins
## Footnote
Inflammation
Plasma proteins that either increase or decrease in concentration by at least 25% during an inflammatory reaction
151
Repair
## Footnote
Wound repair and healing
The body's attempt to replace dead or injured tissue with healthy tissue
152
Resolution
## Footnote
Wound repair and healing
Complete repair of injured tissue
153
Scarring
## Footnote
Wound repair and healing
Incomplete repair of injured tissue, which is replaced by less specialized connective tissue
154
Labile parenchymal cells
## Footnote
Wound repair and healing
Cells that constantly multiply during life
155
Stable parenchumal cells
## Footnote
Wound repair and healing
Cells with a low rate of turnover during adult life
156
Permanent parenchymal cells
## Footnote
Wound repair and healing
Cells with little or no power to regenerate in postnatal life
157
Granulation tissue
## Footnote
Wound repair and healing
The specialized fibrovascular connective tissue that replaces dead tissue as the latter is being removed
158
Scar tissue
## Footnote
Wound repair and healing
The dense, collagen-rich tissue tht remains following maturation of granulation tissue
159
Proud flesh
## Footnote
Wound repair and healing
The lesion arising because of excessive production of granulation tissue
160
Keloid
## Footnote
Wound repair and healing
The lesion arising because of excessive production of scar tissue
161
Cicatrisation
## Footnote
Wound repair and healing
Excessive contraction of a scar
162
Neuroma
## Footnote
Wound repair and healing
A swelling caused by excessive growth of nerve fibers at the distal point of a severed nerve
163
Immunopathology
## Footnote
Immunopathology
The study of lesions in the immune system
164
Immunodeficiency disease
## Footnote
Immunopathology
Those diseases in which there is an inadequate immune response
165
Hypersensitivity diseases
## Footnote
Immunopathology
Those diseases in which the immune system mounts an inappropriately excessive response to a recognized antigen
166
Autoimmune diseases
## Footnote
Immunopathology
Those diseases in which an immune response is directed against the body's own tissues due to a failure of the immune system to differentiate between self and non-self antigens
167
Amyloid
## Footnote
Immunopathology
An extracellular deposit composed of any one of a family of unrelated proteins deposited in a specific physical configuration in a number of tissues and organs in association with a diverse group of diseases
168
Primary immunodeficiency
## Footnote
Immunopathology
Hereditary defects of the immune system, resulting in disease in young animals
169
Secondary immunodeficiency
## Footnote
Immunopathology
Acquired defects of the immune system, resulting in disease in mainly older animals
170
Type I hypersensitivity
## Footnote
Immunopathology
An immunological over-reaction to an antigen mediated by IgE antibody binding to mast cells, initiating the release of histamine and other cytokines
| e.g. anaphylactic shock and allergies
171
Type II hypersensitivity
## Footnote
Immunopathology
An immunological over-reaction to an antigen mediated by antobodies that bind to specific antigens on the surface of cells or other tissue components
| The abnormal binding of antibodies IgG and IgM to normal host targets.
172
Type III hypersensitivity
## Footnote
Immunopathology
An immunological over-reaction to an antigen mediated by the formation of immune complexes
| e.g. serum sickness
## Footnote
antibody-antigen complex gets stuck in certain locations
173
Type IV hypersensitivity
## Footnote
Immunopathology
An immunological over-reaction to an antigen mediated by sensitized T-lymphocytes
| e.g. drug hypersensitivity syndrome
## Footnote
reactions do not involve antibodies
174
Allergy
## Footnote
Immunopathology
A localized type I hypersensitivity
175
Anaphylaxis
## Footnote
Immunopathology
A systemic type I hypersensitivity reaction
176
Bacteraemia
## Footnote
Organisms and toxins in the blood
The presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
177
Septicaemia
## Footnote
Organisms and toxins in the blood
The invasion of the bloodstream by pathogenic bacteria, with multiplication of and toxin production by the bacteria
178
Viraemia
## Footnote
Organisms and toxins in the blood
The presence of viruses in the bloodstream
179
Endotoxaemia
## Footnote
Organisms and toxins in the blood
The presence of endotoxins in the bloodstream
180
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
## Footnote
Organisms and toxins in the blood
A life-threatening pathophysiological condition caused be excessive stimulation of chemical mediator systems in the blood plasma
181
Haemorrhagic viraemia
## Footnote
Organisms and toxins in the blood
A group of viral diseases in which endothelium is targeted ofter leading to SIRS, DIC and haemorrhagic diathesis
## Footnote
SIRS = Systemic Imflammatory Response Syndrome
DIC = Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
diathesis = a tendency to suffer from a particular medical condition
182
Pyaemia
## Footnote
Organisms and toxins in the blood
The presence of pyogenic bacteria in the bloodstream
| capable of causing local purulent inflammation
## Footnote
Purulent inflammation = pus - producing
183
Pyogenic
## Footnote
Organisms and toxins in the blood
Pus-producing. Usually refers to bacteria, which evoke a neutrophilic response in the body
184
Toxaemia
## Footnote
Organisms and toxins in the blood
The presence of a toxin in the bloodstream
185
Enterotoxaemia
## Footnote
Organisms and toxins in the blood
The presence of toxins in the bloodstream that originate in the intestinal lumen
186
Neoplasia
## Footnote
Neoplasia
The process by which normal somatic cells are transformed (mutated) into cells that are no longer under the control of the body in which they are growing
187
Neoplasm
## Footnote
Neoplasia
A proliferative lesion composed of mutated cells no longer under control of the body in which they are growing
| Neoplasm = tumour
188
Benign neoplasm (tumour)
## Footnote
Neoplasia
A neoplasm that does not metastasise
189
Malignant neoplasm (tumour)
## Footnote
Neoplasia
A neoplasm that has the potential to metastasise
190
Metastasis
## Footnote
Neoplasia
The spread of neoplastic cells from a tumour to a distant organ/tissue
191
Papilloma
## Footnote
Neoplasia
A benign neoplasm of sqaumous (non-secretory) epithelial cells
192
Adenoma
## Footnote
Neoplasia
A benign neoplasm of glandular (secretory) epithelial cells
193
Carcinoma
## Footnote
Neoplasia
A malignant neoplasm arising from an epithelial cell
194
Sarcoma
## Footnote
Neoplasia
A malignant neoplasm arising from a connective tissue cell
195
Anaplasia
## Footnote
Neoplasia
The failure of a neoplastic cell to differentiate (mature)
196
Pleomorphism
| (in neoplasms)
## Footnote
Neoplasia
Refers to variable morphology of the cells constituting a specific neoplasm
197
Mitotic index
## Footnote
Neoplasia
The number of mitotic figures in neoplastic cells per high power microscope field
198
Proliferative lesion
## Footnote
Neoplasia
A lesion which grows in size because of the addition of new cells, cell products to the lesion
199
Stromal lag
## Footnote
Neoplasia
Refers to the failure of stroma production in a neoplasm to keep pace with the proliferation of the neoplastic cells
200
Desmoplasia
## Footnote
Neoplasia
Excessive production of the fibrous component of stroma of a neoplasm
201
Grading
## Footnote
Neoplasia
Quantification of the histological features of a neoplasm in order to provide a histological prognosis
202
Staging
## Footnote
Neoplasia
An attempt to classify neoplasms according to their clinical progression
203
Prognosis
## Footnote
Neoplasia
An attempt to predict the future course and outcomes of a disease or disease process
204
Transformation
## Footnote
Neoplasia
The process by which a normal cell in the body is changes into a neoplastic cell in that body
205
Maturational arrest
## Footnote
Neoplasia
The failure of neoplastic cells to differentiate (mature).
## Footnote
Usually maturation is slowed down rather than being fully arrested
206
Oncogenesis
## Footnote
Neoplasia
The steps by which a normal cell is transformed into a neoplastic cell
207
Initiation
## Footnote
Neoplasia
Sensitisation of a cell to subsequent neoplastic transformation by means of the aplication of a chemical carcinogen
| carcinogen = initiator
208
Promotion
## Footnote
Neoplasia
Application of a different chemical carcinogen (= promoter) to a sensitised cell, causing it to transform into a pre-neoplastic cell
209
Progression
## Footnote
Neoplasia
The steps in oncogenesis that lead to the transformation of a pre-neoplastic cell to a neoplastoc cell
210
Tumour angiogenesis
## Footnote
Neoplasia
Is the process by which neoplasms become vascularised
211
Karyotypic abnormalities
| = cytogenetic alterations
## Footnote
Neoplasia
Are characterised by alterations in the morphology of chromosomes or in their number
212
Oncogenes
## Footnote
Neoplasia
These are genes that are involved in the expression of the neoplastic phenotype
213
Proto-oncogenes
## Footnote
Neoplasia
These are the normal cell genes that, when mutated, act as cellular oncogenes
214
Anti-oncogenes
| = tumour-suppressor genes
## Footnote
Neoplasia
These are the cellular genes that promote neoplastic transformation of the cell when they, or their protein products, are absent
215
Tissue invasion
## Footnote
Neoplasia
The spread of neoplastic cells form the tumour into the surrounding tissues
216
Implantation
## Footnote
Neoplasia
This is the establishment of a neoplasm at a new site following the release of tumour cells from a neoplasm into a boy cavity
217
Paget's seed-and-soil theory
## Footnote
Neoplasia
The idea that particular neoplastic cells, when they metastasise, are better able to establish new tumours at some sites rather than others
218
Paraneoplastic syndromes
## Footnote
Neoplasia
These are clinical conditions that result when neoplastic cells release biologically active substances
219
Cancer cachexia
## Footnote
Neoplasia
The emaciation that often accompanies malignant neoplasms
| emaciation = abnormallt thin or weak
220
Carcinogens
| = oncogenes
## Footnote
Neoplasia
Substances or agents that produce, in exposed individuals, an incidence of neoplasia greater than that in those who are not exposed.
221
Autolysis
## Footnote
Post mortem (PM) changes
The process of cellular degradation caused by lysosomal enzymes that are released after somatic death
222
Putrefaction
## Footnote
Post mortem (PM) changes
The PM process resulting from the proliferation of saprophytic bacteria originating from the intestinal tract
| e.g. of saprophytic bacteria = E.coli
223
Interim
## Footnote
Post mortem (PM) changes
The time interval between death and PM examination
224
Rigor mortis
## Footnote
Post mortem (PM) changes
The stiffening of the body after death due to a chemical reaction occuring in the muscles
225
Tiger-striping
## Footnote
Post mortem (PM) changes
The parallel, longitudinal red stripes in the mucosae that sometimes form after death
226
Algor mortis
## Footnote
Post mortem (PM) changes
Cooling of the body after feath
227
Livor mortis
## Footnote
Post mortem (PM) changes
The reddish-purple discolouration of the lower parts of tissues or organs due to PM blood pooling
228
Pseudomelanosis
## Footnote
Post mortem (PM) changes
The black pigment (hydrogen sulphide) formed by the action of saprophytic clostridial bacteria after death
229
Bile imbibition
## Footnote
Post mortem (PM) changes
The PM staining of tissues or organs with bile pigment
230
Haemoglobin imbibition
## Footnote
Post mortem (PM) changes
The PM staining of tissues or organs with haemoglobin pigment
