chapter 1 : Principle De Neurobiologie

Question 1

What are the différentes ères de l’histoire en neurobiologie

Answer 1

First 4 :
Origines des neurosciences
Ère des ancêtres préhistorique
Ère de l’Égypte Ancienne
Ère des Grecques anciens
Ère de la Rome Antique

Conception de la Renaissance (moyen age)
Conception du 16e et 17e siècle
Conception de la renaissance au 19e siècle

Question 2

What were the discoveries by the Ancêtre préhistorique?

Answer 2

We find that there was signs of the crâne entrain de guérir suite à des trépanations, signe de lésions
On assume que cela a été fait par des ‘’chirurgiens’’

This indicates that the brain plays a vital role pour la vie

Question 3

Quelle était la Vision de L’égypte ancienne au sujet du cerveau et la neurobio

Answer 3

they did not put alot of importance on the brain and more on the heart.
— They considered the heart as the siège de l’âme (aka conscience et sentiments) et de la mémoire

Another clue that brain did not have a lot of importance: they did not preserve the brain upon mummification which is often used to preserve the important organs/parts of the body

Question 4

Qui est un personnage important durant la Conception des Grecs Anciens

Answer 4

Hippocrate

Question 5

WHat did Hippocrate believed?

Answer 5

He believed that there was a correlation between structure and fonction

he also established the 4 humeurs

Question 6

What were the 4 components of theorie des humeurs

Answer 6

Sang rouge
Bile Jaune
Pituite aka lymphe ou phlegme vert
Atrabile ou bile noire

Question 7

Sang rouge what does it stand for

Answer 7

Humeur chaude humide
Le coeur , caractère jovial et chaleureux

Question 8

Pituite or lymphe/phlegme .. what does it mean

Answer 8

Cerveau donc Caractère flegmatique

Question 9

Bile jaune what does it mean

Answer 9

Foie, caractère anxieux

Question 10

Atrabile aka bile noire what does it mean

Answer 10

Rate (froide et sèche)
Caractère mélancolique

Question 11

Who is Galien

Answer 11

Medecin Grècque pour les gladiateurs

il Vient de lère de la rome antique

He had access to human cadavers and performed dissections on humans and animals

Question 12

What was Galien’s views on the brain

Answer 12

Used the tactile approach
He believed that the soft parts of the brain (neocortex) controlled sensation and emotions
He also believed that the hard parts of the brain (eg. Cervelet) controlled muscles

Question 13

What were Galiens views of the ventricules

Answer 13

He thought that it contained the humeurs aka the 4 liquids vitaux. Le déplacement des humeurs controllaient les sensations et les mouvements

He also believed that mixing the humeurs would create a personality

Question 14

Qui est vésale? What was his views on the brain

Answer 14

• part of the ère de la renaissance and also did dissections
• He established the théorie du fluide mécanique (aka les esprits animaux voyagent dans les ventricules)

this can be explained because the renaissance was a time where la génie mécanique started to emerge

Question 15

Conception du cerveau au (XVI) 16e et (XVII) 17e siècles

Answer 15

ici ils ont abondonné la théorie des esprits animaux

on a commencer à faire la distinction entre la matière grise et la matière blanche

Question 16

how did the scientist describe the matière grise vs matière blanche

Answer 16

la matière blanche contient des fibres qui transmet l’information from and to the matière grise

matière blanche found between the matière grise and was responsible in transporting information from and to matière grise

Question 17

What was the discoveries during the XIXth century?

Answer 17

on commence à décrire les gyris, scissures du cerveau. divisant le cerveau en 5 parties

ce sont ses parties qui restent conservées à travers les animaux

Question 18

Comment est ce que le point de vue du XIX siècle diffère du point de vue de Galien (romaine)

Answer 18

Galien n’avait séparé le cerveau qu’en 2 parties

alors quand renaissance du XIXe , on peut distinguer 5 parties du cerveau

Question 19

Quelles étaient les division centrales

Answer 19

Système nerveau centrale
Cerveau
Moelle épinièreq

Question 20

Quelles étaient les division périphérique

Answer 20

SNP
Nerf craniens
Nerf spinaux

Question 21

quest qui a changé durant le 19e siècle par rapport au transmission d’information

Answer 21

• on découvre que les transmission étaient électrique au lieu de fluide et que les nerf agissaient comme des cables

Question 22

Quelle était l’expérience de Pierre Flourens

Answer 22

il a fait des lésions sur le système nerveux/cerveau pour voir s’il y avait des changement sur l’animal (chirurgies suivies d’observations comportementales)

• Découvre que le cervelet participe dans la coordination motrice

Question 23

What is a con/problem with the method used by Pierre Flourens

Answer 23

His lésions expérimentales were too globales

Question 24

What was the contribution of Francis Gall

Answer 24

he thought that each region/bosses of the brain was linked to different personality trait

he was way off except for the concept of localisation

Question 25

What was the contribution of Paul Broca

Answer 25

during the 19e century he noticed that patients had trouble speaking (speech loss) after an injury to the head and saw a lesion at the broca's area during autopsy - he correlates that air de broca is important for the production of speecj

Question 26

What was the contribution of Fritsch and Hitzig

Answer 26

finds that stimulation electriques (on aire motrice) could cause movement this was done on a dog named Hitzig

Question 27

What was the contribution of Ferrier

Answer 27

Ferrier was a monkey perfomed ablation on the aire motrice as well which resulted in paralysis

Question 28

What was the contribution of Munk

Answer 28

performed a lésion on the lobe occipital which caused loss of vision

Question 29

Who is Phineas Gage

Answer 29

contremaitre du chemin de fer underwent an accident de dynamite then a barre got inserted into the eye through the skull.

Question 30

Did something got damaged due to the bar inserted the eye of Phineas?

Answer 30

The aire ventro-médiale got destroyed and this has drastically changed his personality

Question 31

How did Darwin contribute to neuroscience

Answer 31

- il existe un ancêtre commun pour les espèces (conservation) - concept of modèles animaux eg. étude des calmars, études des rats comme modèles but according to darwin, certain regions of the brain adapted because of the environment

Question 32

Example of evolution of nervous system

Answer 32

Monkeys (primate) have largers visual areas Mice have a specialized area in the brain for their whiskers

Question 33

Difference between Réseau réticulé et Réseau cellulaire

Answer 33

Réseau réticulé = interconnecté physiquement Réseau cellulaire = Cellules sont individuelle même si elles sont proches, il existe quand meme de l'espace

Question 34

what was the debate between reseau réticulé and réseau cellulaire

Answer 34

Golgi believed that cells were interconnecté because he saw a physical connection between the neurons However, Cajal sees that the cells are separated physically - which was the correct answer

Question 35

What was Camillo Golgi contribution to neuro

Answer 35

he invented the coloration au AgNO3 qui nous aide à marquer le cerveau. it only stained 1/10 neurons out of the whole brain

Question 36

What was Ramon y Cajal contribution

Answer 36

il a amélioré la technique de Camillo Golgi, - this new technique helped us see the gaps between the neurons which then debunks Golgi's theory - he also proposes the concept of transmission chimique

Question 37

What is the controversy of La soupe vs L'étincelle

Answer 37

Ecckes says that la stimulation synaptique is électrique Katz and Cie say that la stimulation synaptique is chimique

Question 38

What was the resolution for the Soupe and etincelle controversy

Answer 38

we discover that both are possibel

Question 39

WHat is l'approche réductionniste

Answer 39

start from Moléculaire - cellulaire - système - comportmentale - cognitif

Question 40

what did the egyptienne believe about the heart

Answer 40

They considered the heart as the siège de l’âme (aka conscience et sentiments) et de la mémoire