Chapter 1; Public Health: The Population Health Approach

Question 1

prevention of heart disease include the reduction of blood […] and […], […] smoking and cessation efforts, an understanding of the role of exercise and the widespread ability of defibrillators.

Answer 1

pressure and cholesterol
cigarrete

Question 2

overuse of technologies, such as antibiotics, has encouraged the emergence of […] bacteria.

Answer 2

resistant

Question 3

the challenges of 21st century public health include the protection of […] and continued improvement in […] of life, not just the quantity of years individuals are living

Answer 3

health
quality

Question 4

population health means the totality of all evidence based public and private efforts throughout the life cycle that […] and […] the health and prevent disease, disability, and death.

Answer 4

preserve
promote

Question 5

[…] […] demonstrated that lemons and other citrus fruit, was the best source of vitamin C, and could prevent and treat scurvy

Answer 5

James Lind

Question 6

English physician […] […] recognized that cowpox could treat small pox hence creating a vaccine

Answer 6

Edward Jenner

Question 7

the hygiene movement (1840-1870s) put forth the idea that disease emerges from social conditions of […],hence producing the concept of social justice

Answer 7

inequality

Question 8

in the 1850s, […] […] is often called the father of epidemiology; he helped establish the importance of careful […] collection and documentation of rates of disease before ad after an intervention in order to evaluate effectiveness

Answer 8

John Snow
(efforts to close down the Broad Street pump, which supplied water contaminated by cholera to a district in London. quickly helped terminate that epidemic of cholera).

Question 9

[…] […], an Austrian physican, used much the same approach in the mid-1800s to control puerperal fever-or fever of childbirth- then a major cause of maternal mortality

Answer 9

Ignaz Semmelweis

Question 10

[…] […] argued that specific pathological conditions or diseases should be the basis for the cause of death

Answer 10

Edwin Chadwick

Question 11

[…] […] argued that underlying factors, including what we would today call social determinants of health, should be seen as the actual causes of death

Answer 11

William Farr

Question 12

contagion control was from the […]-[…]; investigations of pellagra by […]

Answer 12

1880 to 1940s
Goldberger

Question 13

filling holes in the medical care system ([…]-mid-[…]); laying foundations for the emergence of a new era of public health

Answer 13

1950s-mid-1980s

Question 14

medicaid is for low income families and with disabilities

Question 15

over 65 is medicare

Question 16

Japan has the highest […] expectancy

Answer 16

life

Question 17

health promotion/disease prevention was from (Mid-[…]-[…]); focus on individual […] for health and interventions at the individual level

Answer 17

Mid-1980s-2000
responsibility

Question 18

the concept of One Health is that it focuses on the connections of […] health, […] health, and […] health; providing a framework for understanding the global health impacts that affects of us

Answer 18

human
animal
ecosystem

Question 19

One health includes a focus on the potential impacts of […] change, emerging and reemerging […] diseases, antibiotic […], and the consequences of trade in potentially contaminated […] products, ranging from food to toys

Answer 19

climate
infectious
resistance
dangerous

Question 20

the health protection, focused on authority based control of […] and […] behaviors

Answer 20

individual
community

Question 21

the hygiene movement focused on […] conditions as basis for improved health

Answer 21

sanitary

Question 22

the contagion control, focused on the germ theory; a demonstration of […] origins of disease

Answer 22

infectious

Question 23

filling holes in the medical care system focused on the integration of […] of communicable disease, modification of […] factors, and […] of high risk populations part of medical care

Answer 23

control
risk
care

Question 24

the health promotion/disease prevention focused on the individual […] and disease detection in […] and general populations

Answer 24

behavior
vulnerable

Question 25

population health focused on [...] of public health, health care, and public policy based upon [...] evidence and systems thinking

Answer 25

coordination shared

Question 26

"intervention" means the full range of strategies designed to [...] health and [...] disease, disability, and death. such as preventive efforts, thus population health is about improving community health

Answer 26

protect prevent

Question 27

to understand population health, there four components are [...] issues, [...], societies shared [...] concerns, and society's [...] group

Answer 27

health population shared vulnerable

Question 28

vulnerable populations now includes the disabled, frail elderly, and those without health insurance rather than maternal and child health

Answer 28

yes

Question 29

the high risk approach focuses on those with the [highest or lowest] probability of [...] disease and aims to bring their risk close to the levels experienced by the rest of the population

Answer 29

highest developing

Question 30

risk factors include a wide range of [...]

Answer 30

exposures

Question 31

the improving-the-average approach focuses on the entire population and aims to reduce the risk for [...]

Answer 31

everyone

Question 32

the improving-the-average approach assumes that everyone is at some degree of [...] and the risk increase with the extent of [...]

Answer 32

risk exposure

Question 33

to improve community health, population health approaches need to consider the impacts on [...] throughout the [...] cycle

Answer 33

health life

Question 34

age not only affects the [... of diseases and conditions, but it may also affect how a disease [...]

Answer 34

frequency presents

Question 35

depression is often defined as change in mood producing [...] or loss of [...] in previously enjoyable activities severe enough to interrupt daily activities over a period of at least 2 weeks

Answer 35

sadness interest

Question 36

depression may produce changes in sleep, appetite, energy, ability to concentrate, or self esteem. can include thoughts of suicide

Answer 36

yes

Question 37

depression may occur in [...] over an entire life span, but it may express itself differently in children, adolescents, and adults

Answer 37

episodes

Question 38

depression can be diagnosed among children as young as [...] years. such as being [...] or [...], leading to [...] problems at home and at school + feelings of [..] and inability to [...] previously fun activities, changes in [...] and [...], and feeling worthless or helplessness

Answer 38

3 irritable angry behavioral sadness enjoy sleep eating

Question 39

depression among teenagers may include [...] and may be hesitant to speak to adults

Answer 39

suicide

Question 40

is pregnancy and the postpartum period associated with an increased incidence of depression

Answer 40

yes, over 10%

Question 41

is depression common among older adults

Answer 41

yes

Question 42

risk factors among older adults for depression are [...] and poor [...] status related to medical illness, complicated grief, chronic sleep disturbance, loneliness, and a history of depress

Answer 42

disability health

Question 43

suicide especially among older [women or men] is especially common

Answer 43

men

Question 44

depression has been referred to as the "[...] [...]" since it is often under diagnosed, under discussed, and underrated

Answer 44

under disease

Question 45

healthcare, one of the strategies that are used to address health issues, includes the delivery of services to individuals on a [...] basis. includes services for those who are sick or disabled with illness or diseases, as well as for those who are asymptomatic

Answer 45

one-on-one e.g. vaccinations, behavioral counseling, screening for disease, and preventive medications

Question 46

both health care and traditional public health approaches she a goal to [directly or indirectly] affect the health of those they reach

Answer 46

directly

Question 47

public policy interventions are primarily aimed at achieving other non health goals, such as increasing convinces, pleasures economic growth, and equity

Answer 47

yes

Question 48

traditional public health is [...]- and [...]- based interventions directed at health promotion and disease prevention

Answer 48

group community

Question 49

public policy interventions are [...] with another health-related purpose, which have secondary impacts on health

Answer 49

interventions

Question 50

morbidity is [...]

Answer 50

disability

Question 51

mortality is [...]

Answer 51

death

Question 52

contributory causes can be though of as immediate causes of [...]

Answer 52

disease e.g. cigarette smoking and HIV direct causes of disability and death

Question 53

the term 'determinants' are used to identify underlying factors or "causes of causes" that ultimately bring that disease

Answer 53

yes. the root causes on why one would be influenced to smoke when exposed

Question 54

the social determinants of health, BIG GEMS stands for

Answer 54

behavior infection genetics geography environment medical care socioeconomic-cultural

Question 55

in BIG GEMS, B stands for [...] and are actions that [...] or [...] to factors

Answer 55

behavior increase protect

Question 56

In BIG GEMS, I stands for [...] and is often [direct or indirect] cause of disease

Answer 56

infection direct

Question 57

In BIG GEMS, G stands for [...] roles that [...] factors play with disease whether susceptibility

Answer 57

genetic genetic

Question 58

In BIG GEMS, G stands for [...], where location influences the frequency and even the presence of disease

Answer 58

geography location

Question 59

in BIG GEMS, E stands for [...], where it determines disease and the [...] of disease in a number of way

Answer 59

environment course e.g. natural disasters or altered physical environment produced by human intervention

Question 60

In BIG GEMS, M stands for [...] and it is access to and the quality

Answer 60

medical care

Question 61

Early or long standing exposures to infection may contribute to the [....] of disease or even [...] against disease

Answer 61

development protection

Question 62

the physical environment built for use by humans is the [...] environment

Answer 62

built e.g. hazards on the highway

Question 63

in BIG GEMS, the M stands for [...] [...], which is [...] to and the [...] of medical care can be a determinant of disease. efforts aimed at prevention, can affect the [...] of disease

Answer 63

medical care access quality development e.g. vaccination

Question 64

in BIG GEMS, the S stands for [...]. defined as education income, and occupational status

Answer 64

socioeconomic cultural e.e.g cultural and religious factors affecting beliefs about treatments

Question 65

are there [few or wide] ranges of determinants of disease.

Answer 65

wide

Question 66

stress of living in poverty can also affect children's [...] development, making it harder for them to do well in school

Answer 66

brain

Question 67

the overall goal of addressing social determinants of health is to produce health [...]

Answer 67

equity

Question 68

health equity means that everyone has a [...] and just opportunity to be healthy

Answer 68

fair (everyone is treated the same)

Question 69

the demographic transition describes the impact of [...] childhood death rates and [...] life spans on the size and the age distribution of populations

Answer 69

falling extended

Question 70

population pyramids are often useful for displaying the [...] in the age distribution that occur over time. display the number of males and females that are present or expected to be present for each age group in a particular year

Answer 70

changes

Question 71

the epidemiological transition in population pyramids implies that social and economic development occurs, different types of disease become prominent

Answer 71

yes

Question 72

deaths in less developed societies are often dominated by epidemic communicable diseases and diseases associated with malnutrition and childhood [...]

Answer 72

epidemic infections

Question 73

nutritional transition implies that countries frequently move from poorly balanced diets often deficient in nutritions, proteins, and calories to a diet of high processed food, including fats, sugars, and salt

Answer 73

yes

Question 74

FRAILTY ; which are a number of public health, healthcare, and social interventions that can prevent frailty or minimize its consequences are

Answer 74

Food Resistance exercises Atherosclerosis prevention Isolation prevention Limit pain Tai Chi or other balance exercises Yearly check for testosterone deficiency

Question 75

impaired [...], impaired [...] and [...] problems are perhaps the most common modifiable incapacitating impairments of the elderly

Answer 75

vision hearing dental

Question 76

the gain of 30 years to life expectancy is due to public health [...]

Answer 76

interventions

Question 77

according to the World Health Organization; health is "a state of complete [...], [...] and [...]-wellbeing rather than the mere absence of [...] or [...]

Answer 77

physical mental social disease infirmity

Question 78

public health is the science and art of [...] disease, [...] life and [...] health through the organized efforts of society

Answer 78

preventing prolonging promoting

Question 79

health risks extend from [...] to [...]

Answer 79

prenatal postpartum

Question 80

[...] is single most important factor influencing causes of death and disability

Answer 80

age