Chapter 1 (quiz and exam 1)

Question 1

The fact that parents provide their children with both their genes and an environment that is impacted by their own genetic make-up defines the gene-environment correlation of:

Answer 1

passive genotype-environment.

Question 2

Which question provides the best example of the concept of Generativity versus Stagnation?
-Should I get married?
-Do I know who I am?
-Will my work benefit people outside my family, including the next generation?
-Will my choice of college major lead to a career in which I will make a lot of money?

Answer 2

Will my work benefit people outside my family, including the next generation?

Question 3

Fatimah wants to know whether there is a cause-effect relationship between the amount of time parents spend reading to their children and their children’s attitudes toward reading.
What type of research design should Fatima use?

Answer 3

experimental

Question 4

The three broad domains explored by developmental psychologists are:

Answer 4

physical, cognitive, and psychosocial

Question 5

Which is best described as a linkage between two microsystems?
Macrosystem
Mesosystem
Chronosystem
Exosystem

Answer 5

mesosystem

Question 6

After her mother says, “No, you may not eat any cookies” Sandra takes some cookies from the cookie jar and eats them when her mother isn’t looking. Later, she feels bad because she knows this was not a good thing to do.
The fact that she feels bad indicates that her:

Answer 6

superego is reasonably well developed

Question 7

heritability refers to

Answer 7

the proportion of the differences in a trait among a group of people that is due to genetic differences among these people.

Question 8

describe cross-sectional research design

Answer 8

Assessing the same age group (e.g., only 5-year-olds) at same time (e.g., during same week)

Question 9

development is best defined as

Answer 9

systematic changes and continuities from conception to death.

Question 10

true or false

Answer 10

Concordance rates show the likelihood that if one member of a pair has a particular trait, the other member of the pair also has it.

Question 11

The term age grade refers to:

Answer 11

a socially defined age group, with culture-specific assigned roles, privileges, and responsibilities

Question 12

true or false: Negative punishment involves the removal of something pleasant that intends to decrease a behavior.

Answer 12

true

Question 13

true or false: The universality-context specificity issue concerns whether we all follow similar or unique paths of development.

Answer 13

true

Question 14

The fact that individuals who were born in 2020 will develop differently than individuals born in 1920 is best explained using the concept of _____ effects.

Answer 14

cohort

Question 15

Research from behavioral geneticists has found that as we get older, genetic influences on intelligence are _____(increasing/decreasing) in importance, shared influences are ______(increasing/decreasing) in importance, and nonshared environmental influences are _____(increasing/decreasing) in importance.

Answer 15

increasing, decreasing, increasing

Question 16

Which was NOT emphasized in Gottlieb’s epigenetic psychobiological systems approach?
The person’s behavior
Heart rate activity
The activity of neurons
The activity of the genes

Answer 16

heart rate activity

Question 17

true or false: In an active gene-environment interaction, children’s genetically based traits provoke a certain kind of reaction from their environment.

Answer 17

true

Question 18

According to Freud, in a mentally healthy individual, the:
the superego is dominant.
the ego is dominant.
the id is dominant.
none of the above.

Answer 18

the ego is dominant

Question 19

true or false: Discontinuity theorists believe that development involves primarily quantitative changes in human behavior rather than qualitative changes.

Answer 19

false

Question 20

Rachel is 15 years old. She spends countless hours alone and in conversation with her peers trying to figure out what it is she wants to do with her life.
Rachel is most likely in which of the following of Erikson’s psychosocial stages?
Intimacy versus isolation
Industry versus inferiority
Initiative versus guilt
Identity versus role confusion

Answer 20

identity vs. role confusion

Question 21

For her senior thesis, Shantae wants to study children’s moral reasoning.
During the Fall semester, she interviews 20 individuals in each of the following grades: first, fourth, seventh, tenth, and college sophomores.
Shantae asks each participant to solve a practical moral dilemma. What sort of research design is Shantae using?

Answer 21

cross sectional

Question 22

Tomiko really likes jewelry. Tomiko’s parents want her to stop texting at night when she should be studying before she sleeps.
In order to help her reduce her texting, Tomiko’s parents take away her new earrings and tell her that she will lose more jewelry if she does not decrease her texting.
In this situation, Tomiko’s parents are attempting to use _____ to alter her behavior.
positive punishment
positive reinforcement
negative reinforcement
negative punishment

Answer 22

negative punishment

Question 23

Reinforcement ____.

weakens the likelihood that a behavioral response will occur in the future.

strengthens the likelihood that a behavioral response will occur in the future.

weakens a desired response while strengthening an undesired response.

strengthens a desired response while weakening an undesired response.

Answer 23

strengthens the likelihood that a behavioral response will occur in the future.

Question 24

true or false: The heritability of IQ scores appears to increase between infancy and adulthood.

Answer 24

true

Question 25

According to Piaget, cognitive development is characteristic of an invariant sequence of stages that: -move in one direction in youth and then regress back in old age. -differ depending on whether one is male or female. -follow in a specific order (i.e., cannot be skipped). -vary in order from person to person.

Answer 25

follow a specific order (i.e., cannot be skipped)

Question 26

Rosa wants to examine the TV-viewing habits of 18- to 25-year-old males in the United States. As it is quite impossible to include all males of this age group in her study, she selects a smaller group of 18- to 25-year old males to survey. The males included in her study are called a(n) -control group -sample -age grade -population

Answer 26

sample

Question 27

Who is using a longitudinal research design? Lisa, who is assessing the eating habits in a group of 40-year-olds, and who will follow and assess this same group when they get to ages 60 and 80 Marge, who is testing simultaneously the eating habits of 40-, 60-, and 80-year-olds all within the same week Bart, who is assessing the eating habits of 40-year-olds in the year 2003, and plans to assess eating habits in 2008 of different 60-year-olds and eating habits in 2013 of different 80-year-olds Homer, who is assessing eating habits of 40-year-olds in three different countries

Answer 27

Lisa, who is assessing the eating habits in a group of 40-year-olds, and who will follow and assess this same group when they get to ages 60 and 80

Question 28

Erikson's theory is different from Freud's because it: involves the resolution of crises. places greater emphasis on biological influences. describes development in terms of stages. focuses on possibilities for growth beyond adolescence.

Answer 28

focuses on possibilities for growth beyond adolescence.

Question 29

Which is a common criticism of learning theories (e.g., Classical and Operant Conditioning)? Too much emphasis on unconscious factors Fail to account for the fact that experiences appear to affect behavior Fail to describe any types of consequences that influence development Too little emphasis on genetic factors

Answer 29

too little emphasis on genetic factors

Question 30

Behavioral genetics is best described as the scientific study of how _____ impact development. none of the above genetics alone environmental factors alone genetic and environmental factors together

Answer 30

genetic and environmental factors together

Question 31

Which is best categorized as being in the cognitive domain of development? Language acquisition Poor interpersonal skills Physical maturation of the body A changing personality

Answer 31

language acquisition

Question 32

The key distinction between a true experiment and a quasi-experiment is that in quasi-experiments: individuals are not randomly assigned to different treatments there is always a control group research is conducted in the "real world" not in the laboratory no statistical analysis is conducted

Answer 32

individuals are not randomly assigned to different treatments

Question 33

The fact that sex differences in aggression are greatest in patrilineal cultures suggests that: primitive societies were likely less aggressive than modern societies. cultural standards play a significant role in determining aggression. boys are naturally more aggressive than girls. genes for aggression most likely come from fathers.

Answer 33

cultural standards play a significant role in determining aggression.

Question 34

Baby Gerber smiles and coos so often and is so delightful that his parents feel compelled to smile and chatter right back at him. Which sort of genetic environmental does this best illustrate? Passive genotype-environment. Negative genotype-environment. Evocative genotype-environment. Active genotype-environment.

Answer 34

Evocative genotype-environment.

Question 35

true or false: According to Erikson, the crisis with which teenagers struggle primarily is Generativity-Stagnation.

Answer 35

false

Question 36

Which environmental factor appears to have the greatest positive impact on the IQs of children? Having biological parents with very high IQs. Being raised in a highly passive environment. Being raised in a highly stimulating environment. Having adoptive parents with very high IQs.

Answer 36

being raised in a highly stimulating environment

Question 37

Self-efficacy is best defined as: your self-concept concerning gender, intellect, and sexual orientation. the belief that you can effectively accomplish a specific outcome, e.g., graduate with honors, lose weight, stop smoking, etc. feeling great about who you are. the ability to make fun of one's self.

Answer 37

the belief that you can effectively accomplish a specific outcome, e.g., graduate with honors, lose weight, stop smoking, etc.

Question 38

The fact that parents provide their children with both their genes and an environment that is impacted by their own genetic make-up defines the gene-environment correlation of: negative genotype-environment. evocative genotype-environment. passive genotype-environment. active genotype-environment.

Answer 38

passive genotype-environment.