Chapter 1: Reading Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
When was the “a blueprint for post war reconstruction: the Report for Social Security” released? Who wrote it? What was its main recommendation?
A
Released in 1943 by Dr. Leonard Marsh
Main idea: recommended a ‘social minimum’ to protect the disadvantaged through policies such as universal family allowances, a national health system and a large-scale national employment program
2
Q
What type of approach do social workers apply? Why? What does this involve?
A
a macrosystems approach because it recognizes that many personal problems are rooted in broader social and economic inequities
This involves formulating and implementing public policies that promote inclusion, equity, and social justice for all.
3
Q
What is an example of a change from a private to public issue? what did this result in?
A
intimate partner violence is understood to be a public issue, not simply a private trouble.
social policies have been developed in areas such as criminal justice, child protection, and the funding of transition houses.
4
Q
What is the central idea underpinning social welfare? Where/ when was this idea captured? Who captured it?
A
Citizenship rights captured in sociologist T. H. Marshall’s 1950 essay, Citizenship and Social Class,
5
Q
What is the history of citizenship rights that Marshall outlines?
A
the struggles over rights resulted in the acquisition of “civil rights” in the eighteenth century, “political rights” in the nineteenth century, and “social rights” in the twentieth century.
This evolution culminated in the concept of “citizenship rights.”
6
Q
According to Marshall, when are citizen rights best fulfilled?
A
if the state plays an active and comprehensive role in ensuring and promoting the overall well-being of its citizens.
7
Q
When and where was the term welfare state first used? how did it come to be used?
A
in 1941 in a book by William Temple, the Archbishop of York, in England.
describe societies where:
- the power of the state is used to modify the play of market forces in order to help allay personal contingencies, such as sickness, poverty, and unemployment
8
Q
Is Canada considered a welfare state? Does everybody agree with this?
A
Yes. there have been many cutbacks by liberal and conservative governments which has caused people to question this designation.
9
Q
What was the nature of Canadian welfare systems up to WWII? What form was it in? How was it distributed? How was it seen?
A
- essentially residual
- It was in the form of modest income suppports offered begrudgingly only to those most in need
- seen as a limited and temporary response to human need, implemented by governments only when all else failed.
10
Q
In what period did the industrialized world see a tremendous expansion of social welfare?
A
the post WWII period.
11
Q
How did the view of social welfare shift in the post WWII period?
A
shift from viewing social welfare as a form of stigmatizing charity to recognizing it as an important mechanism for ensuring social and personal well-being — not a privilege but a right of citizenship
12
Q
What programs came to be regarded as the bulwarks of an institutional approach to social welfare in a democratic and caring society?
A
Family Allowance, Employment Insurance, workers’ compensation, and universal health care
13
Q
What was happening to the social welfare system in Canada by the end of the 20th century? Why? What norms replaced it?
A
It was unravelling.
under Liberal and Conservative govts many programs were curtailed and many pre–World War II ideas of limited, temporary (residual) support came back into fashion.
Bare minimums, means tests, and service cutbacks became the norm.
14
Q
Who is one of Canada’s leading social policy thinkers? What did he creat? What did he believe about social policy in the 21st century?
A
Ken Battle.
co-founded the Caledon Institute of Social Policy in 1992 with Alan Broadbent and served as its president until 2017.
We need a new ”architecture” of social policy for the 21st century.
15
Q
What does social welfare in Canada consist of today? What sets the framework?
A
- a vast network of income security and social service programs at the federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal levels.
- Laws, social policies, rules and regulations, strategies, and other directives set the framework.
16
Q
What are income security programs? Three Examples?
A
provide monetary or other material benefits to supplement income or maintain minimum income levels
e.g., Employment Insurance, social assistance, Old Age Security
17
Q
What are social service programs? 8 examples?
A
help people by providing non-monetary aid
e.g., parent–child programs, child care centres, youth drop-in centres, women’s shelters, mental health and substance use programs, child protection and family support services, and criminal justice services
18
Q
Who has jurisdiction over income security programs under the Canadian Constitution? What about social service provisions?
A
income security programs are a federal responsibility, whereas social service provision falls under the jurisdiction of the provinces and territories and/or the municipalities.
19
Q
What is the social welfare system in Canada often referred to as?
A
“Canada’s social safety net”
20
Q
Broadly speaking, what does social welfare refer to?
A
a system of social policies and programs designed to ensure the well-being of people in Canada.
21
Q
Traditionally, what has the perspective of social welfare been? What 3 main indicators have been used? How has this been changing?
A
Traditionally: somewhat narrow economic perspective, using indicators such as gross domestic product (GDP), gross revenue, and unemployment rates
Recently: non-economic indicators of well-being have been emphasized in research
22
Q
What are the 8 dimensions in the Canadian index of wellbeing?
A
- living standards
- healthy populations
- democratic engagement
- Community vitality
- environment
- leisure and culture
- time use
-education
23
Q
What underpinned the expansion of Post–World War II welfare programs and services? What was the view at the time?
What was the traditional concern? What can this model be characterized as and what is it usually associated with?
A
a focus on economic security
“the state had a paramount role in ensuring, for its citizens, as a matter of right, a certain minimum standard of living, economic welfare and security”
Traditional concern: protecting breadwinners (males, generally) from unforeseen events, such as unemployment and sickness.
characterized as a passive protection system, and usually it was associated with cash benefits to the needy and the poor.
24
Q
What are the special risk groups identified by social workers and policy makers today?
A
young, the low skilled, and women
25
Why has family instability and difficult reconciliation of work and family life become major policy issues?
major policy issues as they increase the incidence of poverty for families with children, especially for lone-parents
26
Why is the 21 century approach to welfare more proactive? What type of model is it?
because it has a focus on eliminating poverty, promoting social inclusion, eliminating oppression, ending all forms of violence, increasing investments in health and education, and protecting and restoring environmental resources.
it's a social investment model
27
What is the renewed focus on overall well-being consistent with? Where is this idea expressed? What does it state?
consistent with broader notions of citizenship engagement, equality of opportunity, and fairness
in the first principle of the Canadian Association for Social Work Education (CASWE) standards
It states: "social work seeks to facilitate well-being and participation of people, promote social and economic justice, address structural sources of inequities, and eliminate conditions that infringe human and civil rights"
28
what is the aim of the social investment model of social welfare? What is the quote that reflects this?
to integrate the economic and social objectives underlying social welfare.
Quote: "Rather than reduce income inequality, new social-risk policies aspire to an active society with economic participation and social inclusion through the redistribution of opportunities and investment in human capital”
29
What did the expansion of the social welfare system in the post–World War II period help even out? What did it provide?
helped even out inequalities and provided much-needed services to vulnerable members of society.
30
What happened in the 1980s that caused many populations to continue to experience significant inequities?
neoliberal cutbacks
31
In what year did Canada set the official poverty line? What measure did they use?
2018 using the Market Basket Measure (MBM)
32
What is the MBM?
A regional amount that is based on the cost of a basket of food, clothing, shelter, transportation, and other items for individuals and families that represent a modest, basic standard of living.
33
What does the govt do to help offset chronic poverty?
What program was launched in 2019?
How are all of these programs administered?
administers income supplement programs such as the Canada Child Benefit, the Guaranteed Income Supplement (GIS), and the goods and services tax/harmonized sales tax (GST/HST) credit.
Canada Workers Benefit (CWB) program was launched in 2019
All of these programs are administered through income tax returns.
34
What is the Canadian Pension Plan (CPP)? Where does it operate? What is its paralell in Quebec?
earnings-related social insurance program that provides contributors and their families with partial replacement of earnings in the case of retirement, disability, or death.
The CPP operates throughout Canada, except in Québec, where the Québec Pension Plan (QPP) provides similar benefits.
35
What is the old age security program (OAS)? What is the payment system?
Who is it available to?
a secondary stream of Canada’s public retirement income security system and is Canada’s largest pension program. Unlike the CPP/QPP, individuals do not pay into it directly.
monthly payment available to older adults aged 65 and above, although there is a clawback for higher-income Canadians.
36
What are 3 alternative names for social assistance?
How is it administered?
“income support”
“income assistance”
“welfare”
provincially/territorially and has widely varying eligibility criteria and benefits across jurisdictions.
37
What was the first income security program to be introduced in Canada? how was it funded? How is this different for federal/govt employee's?
Workers’ compensation (1918)
is also a provincial/territorial responsibility and is funded by employers based on their payroll, industry sector, and history of injuries.
Federal government employees are covered separately, through the Government Employees Compensation Act.
38
What is the purpose of family policy?
to keep up with these changes, anticipate them, and, to an extent, influence them.
39
What are 3 serious shortfalls Canada has in welfare?
the number of spaces and the affordability of child care
adequate parental leave.
little effort has been made to address the economic insecurity of many families: even with two parents working, it is hard for many families to make ends meet.
40
What is the reason for Canada Caregiver Credit and gender-based budgeting legislation?
Family well-being is inextricably tied to women’s well-being and there are persistent gender income gaps and disproportionate responsibilities of women to provide caregiving
41
According to UNICEF what percentage of children in Canada fall below the poverty line? Where does Canada rank on overall child and youth well being?
while many Canadian children are doing well, 9% fall below the official poverty line
On overall child and youth well-being, Canada ranks 25th out of 41 well-resourced (rich) countries.
42
Where does Canada perform well for children? Where are their alarming gaps?
Canada performs well in indicators related to education, but the widest and most worrying gaps are in child health, violence experienced by children and their own sense of well-being. The inequalities between families in income and food security are alarming.
43
What does child maltreatment have a strong relationship with? (2 things)
child maltreatment has a strong association with socio-economic impoverishment and racialization.
Indigenous children and Black Canadian children are disproportionately represented among children who are investigated for maltreatment.
44
What are the child maltreatment and department or ministry in charge of child welfare in each province responsible for? Where does indigenous children's care fall into this?
investigations, family support, and alternative care programs such as kinship care, foster care, permanency programs, and adoption. In many provinces, distinct agencies are responsible for Indigenous children’s care.
45
What health care do we offer in Canada? Who is eligible? What can people pay privately for?
Universal, public health care is provided to all Canadian citizens, permanent residents, and certain temporary residents.
To be eligible to receive full federal contributions for health care, each provincial/territorial health care plan must meet requirements specified in the Canada Health Act (1985).
people may pay privately or have private insurance for medications, dental care, eye care, physiotherapy, etc. Private clinics also exist, offering specialized services.
46
Is mental health fully integrated into the public health care system in Canada?
What is offered under universal care?
Who determines the coordination between mental health services and physical health in Canada?
What do provinces and territories provide?
No.
There is universal coverage for physician-provided mental health care, along with a fragmented system of allied services.
determined provincially.
The provinces and territories also provide community mental health and substance use services, including help for families and caregivers, community crisis services, and supportive housing
47
where is hospital mental health care provided?
Hospital mental health care is provided in specialty psychiatric residences and in general hospitals with mental health beds.
48
how are psychiatrists, psychologists and social workers typically paid in Canada?
Psychiatrists generally are paid through medical plans
psychologists typically work privately or may be salaried in publicly funded organizations
social workers work privately or may be salaried in publicly funded organizations
49
When was the first Mental Health Strategy for Canada released? Who was it released by?
When was it updated?
2012.
released by The Mental Health Commission of Canada (an organization operating at arm’s length from the federal government)
a further Framework for Action (2017–2022) has been released.
50
What was the Federal budget in 2018-2019 for improving access to mental health services over the following 10-year period?
5 billion dollars
51
Who retains responsibility for First Nations programs on-reserve and matters pertaining to Indian status? What are some direct results of these colonial practices? (7 results)
the federal government
As a direct result of these colonial policies, Indigenous peoples face enormous social and economic disadvantages: high rates of poverty, very poor housing, large numbers of children in government care, high rates of incarceration, high rates of violence, and contaminated water advisories on First Nations reserves, to name a few.
52
What are the 5 enduring themes that the legacy of colonialism can be understood through?
(1) the struggle for treaty rights
(2) the discredited Indian Act
(3) the effects of the reserve system
(4) the experience of residential schools
(5) the growing call by Indigenous peoples for self-government.
53
What are 6 difficulties encountered by newcomers to Canada? In the past what have been devoted to helping these?
learning a new language
having credentials and experience recognized
securing employment
finding housing
dealing with racial discrimination
and integrating children and families in their new home and community.
social welfare programs
54
What has added generalized insecurity to the hardships already faced by newcomers to Canada in recent years?
What has been the implication for temporary residents in Canada?
recent shifts in immigration policy toward favouring temporary immigrants (geared to filling immediate employment needs)
For temporary residents in Canada, many language programs, income, and social supports are no longer available. The lives of temporary residents are unstable, and the road to citizenship is often unclear or non-existent.
55
What has Lars Osberg referred to the reduction in poverty among older adults over the past three decades as?
What were the 3 critical parts of this policy?
“the major success story of Canadian social policy in the twentieth century”
a universal component (Old Age Security), a negative income tax (Guaranteed Income Supplement), and an earnings component (CPP/QPP).
56
Why are more elderly people experiencing poverty?
“systematic reforms have changed the nature of pension provision from defined benefit type provisions to defined contribution type provisions”
Defined contribution plans can result in a greater risk of poverty in retirement for people who have earned less while working.
57
What will be the issue with poverty in 2030 for the elderly?
The number of Canadians over the age of 65 will increase to almost one-quarter of the total population by 2030 (Canada, 2014), which will create a significant demand on public pensions and Old Age Security. Going forward, developing income supports and services that preserve the gains older Canadians have made will be a major priority of Canadian policymakers.
58
What programs do disabled people who do not qualify for public or private income security programs rely on?
social assistance programs.
59
What are some criticisms of the Accessible Canada Act passed in 2019?
it lacks firm timelines, allows exemptions, and only applies to organizations, services, and businesses under federal control.
60
What are 4 programs offered for people with disabilities?
CPP/QPP disability benefits, veterans’ disability pensions, disability tax credits, and the registered disability savings plan
61
What are 2 education related social welfare programs in Canada?
Elementary and secondary education, which is delivered by the provinces and territories and is compulsory up to age 16, is essentially free to Canadians.
Post-secondary schooling is not free, but it is subsidized by the federal and provincial/territorial governments, and student loans and bursaries are available.
62
What are 4 social welfare programs in Canada related to industries?
Regional programs provide support for economic development in the North and parts of the country where business investment may need a boost.
The federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal governments provide grants and favourable tax programs for core industries and businesses.
Cultural industries — music, television, film, and publishing — are also supported by the multiple levels of governments through grants and favourable tax programs.
The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC/Radio-Canada), established in 1936, is a Crown corporation that serves as the national public broadcaster for both radio and television.
63
Who was responsible for social welfare when Canada was formed?
the individual, the family, the church
64
What is Public Welfare? What is it typically associated with?
Public welfare refers to monetary benefits and services that are provided directly by any of the three levels of government: the federal government, a provincial or territorial government, or a regional or municipal government. Typically, public welfare is associated with income security. Governments also enforce legislation and policy associated with labour standards, minimum wage legislation, and policies associated with social services such as housing, mental health, and child care.
65
What is Private Welfare?
Private welfare is delivered through non-profit organizations or for-profit organizations and individuals. Most often, such agencies provide social services. Some receive government funding and are accountable through funding mechanisms, others are governed by legislation (e.g., Societies Act or Canada Not-for-profit Corporations Act), and still others rely on private payments from individuals.
66
What are the 4 core institutions of social welfare?
the state, the market, family/household, and civil society
67
WHat has the neoliberal approach of looking for market based solutions resulted in?
mixed economy welfare or WELFARE PLURALISM
68
Provide information on the voluntary sector in Canada
In 2017, an estimated 13 million people (almost 50% of the Canadian population) contributed more than 2 billion hours of volunteer time (Conference Board of Canada, 2018). Common volunteer activities include fundraising; sitting on committees or boards; collecting, serving, or delivering food; or providing health care and other social supports.
69
Provide Information about the commercial sector in Canada
The commercial and business sector offers a wide range of social services, including private child care, substance-use treatment, personal counselling, and services for people with disabilities. These services may be offered on a sliding scale that depends on the person’s financial needs, or the government may subsidize the costs of services (Chappell, 2014). An example is services for people with autism.
70
Provide information about public-private partnerships.
Public–private partnerships are one aspect of a broader privatization strategy, which includes contracting out public services to the private sector and downsizing the government workforce (Dunlop, 2006). The move toward this type of arrangement is consistent with government cutbacks in social welfare funding. There are multiple examples of public–private partnerships in areas such as social housing development, employment training programs, and long-term care.
71
Provide information on Social Entrepreneurship
Social entrepreneurship focuses on creating social capital (the strengthening of social cohesion) by using entrepreneurial principles and market-based (business-plan) strategies to organize, create, and manage a venture to find sustainable solutions to social problems. Social entrepreneurs may be associated with voluntary or non-profit sectors, or the for-profit sector (Canadian Social Enterprise Fund, 2017). Examples include microfinance institutions and educational initiatives.
72
Provide information on Charity and Philanthropy in Canada
Social entrepreneurship focuses on creating social capital (the strengthening of social cohesion) by using entrepreneurial principles and market-based (business-plan) strategies to organize, create, and manage a venture to find sustainable solutions to social problems. Social entrepreneurs may be associated with voluntary or non-profit sectors, or the for-profit sector (Canadian Social Enterprise Fund, 2017). Examples include microfinance institutions and educational initiatives.
73
Provide information on Universal Programs in Canada
Universal programs are available to everyone in a specific category, regardless of income or financial situation. Although basic eligibility criteria (e.g., age or residency) may have to be met, no further test of need is required. The Family Allowance (Baby Bonus) that began in 1945 (and ended in 1992) was Canada’s first universal program. Health insurance is still considered a universal program.
74
Provide information on Targeted Programs in Canada
Targeted programs provide benefits based on a means test (sometimes called an “income test” or a “needs test”). For example, to receive social assistance, one must prove that income and assets fall below a certain level. In provinces with workfare, such as Ontario, applicants must also comply with an employment or training placement.
75
is CPP an earnings related social insurance program?
yes.
76
Are social assistance programs targeted?
yes.
77
WHat province was the first to introduce a universal, province wide child - care program?
quebec
78
What do supporters of universality maintain?
that universal programs promote a sense of citizenship, solidarity, and nationhood. They claim that targeted programs for those in need tend to be punitive and stigmatizing, are more susceptible to cutbacks, and lack necessary mass public support.
79
What economic functions do people believe universal programs can fulfill?
economic stabilization, investment in human resources, and development of the labour force.
80
What is the foremost objection to universal programs?
cost
81
Are universal or targeted programs more costly to administer?
targeted.
82
In what ways can the federal government influence social policy?
economic stabilization, investment in human resources, and development of the labour force.
83
How does the govt exercise its spending powers?
fiscal transfers to provinces and territories, federal–provincial shared-cost programs, and direct spending in areas of provincial/territorial jurisdiction.
84
What are the 3 main fiscal transfer programs?
(1) provincial equalization payments, (2) Territorial Formula Financing, and (3) health and social transfers
85
WHat are provincial equalization payments?
Equalization payments are unconditional per-capita grants to the provinces. Their purpose is to assist provinces in providing comparable services across the country. The payment is determined using a province’s ability to generate revenues (its “fiscal capacity”) compared with the average revenue of all 10 provinces. In 2018–2019, Newfoundland and Labrador, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and British Columbia were considered “have provinces” and did not receive equalization payments.
86
What is territorial formula financing?
The territories do not have provincial powers or the same capacity for revenue generation, so the Territorial Formula Financing transfer provides federal funding to the three territorial governments to fund activities in a manner comparable to what is offered by the provinces.
87
WHat are health and social transfers?
In addition to the two “equalization” payments, there are two per-capita transfers. These substantial amounts are provided to the provinces/territories to help finance health and social programs, child welfare, and post-secondary education.
88
Provide information on the Canada Health transfer .
a cash transfer as well as tax adjustment that helps provinces and territories to fund health and health care services at a comparable level across the country. CHT cash levels originally had been growing at 6% per annum, but the Conservative government (2006–2015) tied CHT growth to nominal GDP, subject to a minimum rate of 3% starting in 2017–2018. The subsequent Liberal government continued this approach.
89
Provide information on the Canada Social Transfer
the main source of federal funding to support programs in the areas of post-secondary education, social assistance, social services, and programs for children. As such, the CST has far-reaching implications for the all-round well-being of people in Canada. Despite its role in ensuring people’s well-being, the CST has not received the same level of funding or attention as the CHT.
90
What social detemrinants affect the health of canadian children in terms of surviving beyond the first year of life?
experiencing childhood afflictions such as asthma and injuries, and falling behind in school.
91
What are the 14 social determinants of health
aborignal status, disability, early life, education, employment and working conditions, food insecurity, health services, gender, housing, income and income distribution, race, social exclusion, social safety net, unemployment and job security
92
What are the six steps that form a framework for reviewing policies throughout this book?
1. How is the social problem understood?
2. How was the policy formulated?
3. What are the purpose and goals of the policy?
4. How does the policy reflect the values of inclusion, equity, and social justice?
5. How is the policy implemented?
6. What is the impact of the policy?
93
What are the 6 stages of the policy making process?
1. identification of the social problem
- Social indicators and political socio cultural contexts
2. Policy formulation
- Multiple perspectives. Which voices are privileged?
3. Policy Purpose
- Expectations, Vision, and welfare appraoches
4. Values Analysis
- Inclusion, Equity, Social Justice
5. Implementation
- Resources and Delivery Mechanism
6. Impact and Accountability
- Transparency and evaluation
94
How has citizen engagement in Policy making traditionally taken place? How does this happen now?
public hearings, citizen polls, and other consultative methods.
extends beyond citizen engagement to include citizen empowerment. To ensure meaningful participation, structural and cultural barriers need to be recognized and addressed throughout the policy formulation process.
95
What is a vision statement?
future oriented and inspirational and describes the longterm desired state of affairs
96
What are elements or priority areas in policy? Wht format are the often written in?
the goals of the policy
SMART
- Specific
- Measurable
- Attainable
- Realistic
- timely
97
What are the 4 points of the social justice lens?
Accessibility. What mechanisms exist for the inclusion of all points of view?
Agency. How does the policy overcome systemic or hierarchical barriers to ensure that all points of view are considered?
Solidarity Action. What processes are in place to include all members in identifying the impact of systemic change and the outcome?
Advocacy. What mechanisms will ensure systemic change? (BC Teachers’ Federation, 2019)
98
What is political feasability?
Social welfare policies are developed through a political process. Some policies may carry a relatively low political risk (e.g., policies for low-income older adults or children, or vulnerable populations). By contrast, others may involve more divergent opinions and carry a higher political risk (e.g., medical assistance in dying, safe consumption sites, or a basic income strategy). Changing economic and political conditions, the climate of public opinion about related issues, and the election cycle all contribute to the acceptance or failure of a policy initiative. Often, policies associated with new program areas are initially conducted as a pilot program to reduce political risk.
99
What is social acceptability?
The degree to which the general public will accept or support a policy proposal is a consideration. The degree of social acceptability can sometimes be difficult to determine, as media headlines or social media can give the impression of greater public support or greater opposition than actually exists.
100
What is administrative feasability?
It is important to consider whether the agency or department will be able to implement the policy and deliver the associated program well. This often requires an assessment of the available resources and capacity within the administrative unit.
101
What is technical feasability?
Other considerations are the availability, reliability, and costs of the technology and associated systems needed to implement the policy.
102
What are three good examples of frameworks for social policy?
The Canada Health Act (1984), a cornerstone of the health care system, sets out the principles it uses to guide health funding: public administration, comprehensiveness, universality, portability, and accessibility.
The Social Union Framework Agreement (SUFA) of 1999 builds on the Canada Health Act’s principles and also includes accountability, citizen engagement, and results-based accountability (Phillips & Echenberg, n.d.).
The Canadian Association of Social Workers (CASW) uses the following principles to guide its evaluation of policies: dignity and respect, equality, equity, comprehensiveness, quality services, constitutional integrity, subsidiarity, and social dialogue.
