Chapter 1- Reasoning and thinking Flashcards by Jokening Salamat

The process by which we use the knowledge we have to draw conclusions

Reasoning

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3 different types of reasoning

Deduction

Induction

Abduction

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derives the logically necessary conclusion from the given premises.

General rule> Specific conclusion (always true)

Deduction

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Generalizing from cases to we have seen to infer information about cases we have not seen.

Specific observation> General conclusion ( Maybe true)

Induction

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From a fact to the action or state that caused it

Incomplete observation>Best prediction (may be true)

Abduction

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The process of finding the solution to an unfamiliar taste, using the knowledge that we have.

Problem Solving

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5 different views of problem solving

Gestalt theory

Problem Space theory

Use of analogy

Skills acquisition

Errors and mental models

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Problem solving is both productive and reproductive

Gestalt theory

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Comprises problem states and problem solving involves generating these states using legal state transition operators

Problem Space theory

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Problems are solved by mapping knowledge relating to a similar known domain to the new problem

Use of analogy

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According to the ATC model, skills are acquired through various levels,

Skills Acquisition

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There are different types of errors: changes in context of skilled behaviour can cause errors. An incorrect understanding / model of a situation can cause errors too.

Errors and mental models

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Our body responds biologically to an external stimulus and we interpret that is some ways as particular ______________

Emotion

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The principles and properties discussed apply to the majority of people, but humans are not all the same.

Individual differences

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process of a information transfer

Interaction

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What are the 5 text-entry devices?

Alphanumeric keyboard
Chord Keyboards
Phone pad and T9 entry
Handwriting recognition
Speech recognition

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Only a few keys are used. Letters are produces by pressing multiple keys at once

Chord Keyboards

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The numeric keys on a cell phone can be pressed more than once to enter letters.

Phone pad and T9 entry

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2 keypad modes most phones have:

numeric
alphanumeric mode

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-deals mostly worth stroke information
-the way in which letter is drawn, not the letter itself.
-has the advantages of size and accuracy over small keyboards and are therefore often used in mobile computing

Handwriting recognition

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-performance is relatively low even, for a restricted vocabulary.
-Adjusting the system for use with natural language gives birth to even more problems: the ‘error’ in natural language use, different voices, emotions and accents, etc.

Speech recognition

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Types of positioning

The mouse

Touchpad

Trackball and thumbwheel

Joystick and keyboard nipple

Touch sensitive screens (touchscreen)

Stylus and lightpen

Digitalizing tablet

Eyegaze

Cursor keys and discrete positioning

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-an indirect device, because a transformation is required to map from the horizontal nature of the desktop to the vertical alignment of the screen.

Mouse

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-touch-sensitive tablets, operated by sliding the finger over it and are mostly used in notebook computers.

touchpad

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-an upside-down mouse: instead of moving the devices itself, the ball is rolled to move the cursor. -offer less usability because they can only manipulate the horizontal and vertical movement of the cursor.

Trackball and thumbwheel

Two types of joystick:

absolute sticks isometric sticks

tiny joysticks that sometimes used on notebook computers.

Keyboard nipples

-detect the position of the user's finger or stylus on the screen itself and are therefore very direct.

Touch sensitive screens (touchscreen)s

For more accurate positioning, systems with touch sensitive surfaces often imply a stylus

Stylus and lightpen

Device used for freehand drawing

Digitalizing tablet

Allow you to control the computer by looking at it while wearing special glasses, heat mounted boxes, etc.

Eyegaze

For 2d-navigation, this can sometimes preferable. The same goes for remote-controls and cellphones.

Cursor keys and discrete positioning

4 Types of display devices

Bitmaps display, resolution, and color Technologies Large displays and situated displays Digital papers

means that display is made of fixed number of dots or pixels in rectangular grid

Bitmaps display , resolution and color

In LCD's a thin layer of liquid crytals is sandwiched between two glass plates. External lights pass through the top plate and are polarized. this passes through the crystal and is reflected back to the user's eye.

Technologies

- there several types of this -some use gas plasma technology -projector is possible too.

Large displays and situated displays

have small screen through which lights is projected on screen

LCD projectors

Thin flexible paper material that can be written to electronically, but keep its contents when removed from the power supply.

Digital papers

2 devices for virtual reality and 3d interaction

Positioning in 3d 3d displays

Human can use a 3d environment with a 2d device (mouse). The human mind is therefore capable of handling multiple degrees of indirection.

Positioning in 3D

can be displayed in normal screen using shadows, depth etc. User can enter a VR cave, where the VR world is projected around them.

3d displays

What happens if the VR systems performances too slow, and there is delay between movement and image?

disorientation and sickness may occur.

5 Physical controls, sensors and special devices

Special displays Sound output Touch, feel and smell Physical controls Environment and bio-sensing

-numerous display devices such as LED's and head-up displays

Special displays

By having sounds confirms a right action, we can speedup interaction

Sound output

Haptic devices are various forms of forms of force, resistance and texture influencing our physical senses.

Touch, feel and smell

Not only the functions of controls, but it is also physical design is important and needs to suit the situation in which it used.

Physical controls

Many sensors in our environment monitor our behaviour. Their measurements ranges from temperature and movement to the user's emotional states.

Environment and bio-sensing

4 types of Paper: Printing and Scanning

Printing Fonts and page description languages Screen and page Scanner and optical character recognition

Most common printers nowadays are dot based. In order of increasing resolution, familiar types are dot matrix printers, inkjet printers and laser printers.

Printing

Some printer print ASCII-characters and bitmaps 'by itself'. Many more complex documents are translated into suitable bitmaps by the computer.

Fonts and page description languages

There are many differences between a paper print and a computer monitor, which causes problems when designing software.

Screen and page

Scanner shines a beam of light at the page and record the intensity and color of the refection. the resolution of the scanner can differ highly between types.

Scanner and optical character recognition

6 types of memory

RAM and short term memory (stm) Disks and long-term memory (ltm) Understanding speed and capacity Compression Storage format and standards Method of access

Most current active information is held in this

Random access memory

Most current active information is held in this

Ram volatile

Most current active information is held in this Most current active information is held in this

ram and short term memory (STM)

2 main techniques used in disks:

magnetic disks optical disks

In comparison to RAM, this is much slower.

Long term memory

example of magnetic disks

floppy hard disk tape

example of optical disks

CD-ROM DVD

the capacity of ram is limited and therefore multitasks-systems tend to swap background-running programs for RAM to the hard disks

Understanding speed and capacity

techniques can be reduce the amount of storage required for text, bitmaps and video

Compression

basic standard for text storage is the

ASCII characters codes

An extended version of this system and can also code for foreign characters.

UNICODE

The basic standard for text storage is the ASCII character codes. UNICODE is an extended version of this system and can also code for foreign characters.

Storage format and standards

is by special key fields with an associated index.

Standard database access

Standard database access is by special key fields with an associated index. The user has to know the key before the system can find information.

Method of access

3 processing and networks

Effects of finite processor speed Limitations on interaction performance Network computing

can affect the user by being too slow (which can avoided by using buffers) or too fast.

processing speed of an interactive system

The processing speed of an interactive system can affect the user by being too slow (which can avoided by using buffers) or too fast.

Effects of finite processor speed

Several factors that can limit the speed of an interactive system

computation bound storage channel bound graphic bound network capacity

Have an effect on effect on interactivity, because the distances may cause a noticeable delay in response from the system

Network systems

Network systems have an effect on interactivity, because the large distances may cause a noticeable delay in response from the system.

Network computing

Models of Interaction

terms of interaction execution-evaluation cycle interaction framework

Aid the user in accomplishing goals from some application domain.

Purpose of an interactive system

area of expertise and knowledge in some real-world activity

Domain

Operations to manipulate the concepts of a domain

Tasks

Desired output from a performed tasks

Goal

Specification required to meet the goal

Intention

Identification of the problem space for the user of an interactive system in terms of domain, goals, intention and tasks.

Task analyses

Core language, describes computational attributes of the domain relevant to the system state.

System’s Language

Task language, describes psychological attributes of the domain relevant to the user state.

User’s Language

Computerized application

System

The plan formulated by the user is executed by the computer. When finished, the user evaluates the results and determines the further actions.

The execution-evaluation cycle

- On the user-side, communication is in task-language and on the system side, in core language.

The interaction framework

user side of the interface, covering both input and output and the user’s immediate context

Ergonomics

3 frameworks and HCI

Ergonomics Dialog design and interface styles. Presentation and screen design

-The study of the physical characteristics of the interaction. -contribution to HCI is in determining constraints on the way we design systems and suggesting detailed and specification guidelines and standards.

Ergonomics

8 interaction styles

Command line interface Menus Natural Language Question/answer and query dialog Form-fills and spread sheets The WIMP interface Point and click interfaces Three- dimensional interfaces

provides a mean of expressing instructions to the computer directly using function keys, single characters, abbreviations or whole word commands

Command line Interface

available for the user is displayed on the screen can be presented text-based and graphical

Menus

ambiguity of this makes it very hard for a machine to understand.

Natural Language

The user asked a series of questions and so is led through the interaction step by step

Question/Answer and query dialog

Primarily used for data entry but can also be useful in data retrieval applications

Form-fills and spread sheets

the default interface style for the majority of computer systems today.

WIMP interface

meaning of WIMP

Windows, icons, menus and pointers

closely related to the WIMP-style: pointing and clicking are the only action required to access information

Point-and-click interfaces

The simplest technique is where ordinary WIMP elements are given of this appearance. A more complex technique uses interfaces with this workspace.

Three-dimensional interfaces

The most complex 3D workspace is

virtual reality

Elements of the WIMP Interfaces

Windows Icons Pointers Menus Toolbars Palettes Dialog boxes

are areas on the screen that behave as if they were independent terminals in their own right.

Windows

a small picture used to represent a closed window

Icons

nothing more that small bitmap images with a hotspot: the location to which they point/

pointers

represents a choice of operations or services that can be performed by the system at a given time.

Menus

individual and isolated regions within display that can be selected by the user to invoke a specific action.

Buttons

Mostly equivalent to menus, except for this can also hold buttons

toolbars

mechanism for making the set of possible modes and the active

Palettes

are information windows used by the system to bring the user’s attention to some important information.

Dialog boxes

The presence of other people in a work environment affects the performance of the worker in any tasks for example, by ‘competition-behaviour’. A well-designed system, however, may also work motivating on the user.

The context of interaction

It is no longer sufficient that users can use a system; they have to want to use it as well.

Experience engagement and fun

Understanding experience Designing experience Physical design and engagement Managing value

multidisciplinary field of study focusing on the design of computer technology and, in particular, the interaction between humans (the users) and computers

HCI

HCI uses this three to support and fulfil human-computer activities and is applied to various types of computer systems, including air traffic control, nuclear processing, offices and computer gaming.

productivity, safety, and entertainment

data output by the computer vice versa.

Human input

most important senses in HCI.

Vision hearing touch

process by which we use the knowledge we have to draw conclusions.

Reasoning

three different types of reasoning:

Abduction, Induction and deduction.

the process of finding a solution to an unfamiliar taste, using knowledge that we have

Problem solving

Different views of problem solving are:

Gestalt theory, problem space theory, and the use of analogy.

is a process of information transfer

Interaction

Text entry devices

alphanumeric keyboard, chord keyboard, speech recognition