Chapter 1: Rubins

Question 1

Mutation in chaperone cofactor causes?

Answer 1

X linked retinitis pigmentosa

Question 2

Mutation is Hsp60 causes

Answer 2

Hereditary spastic paraplegia

Question 3

Enzyme from virulent strain of E. Coli cleaves what chaperones?

Answer 3

Hsp70

Question 4

Mutation in chloride channel

Answer 4

Cystic fibrosis; affects mucus- and sweat secreting cells

Question 5

Mallory bodies(intermediate filaments) are found in what?

Answer 5

Alcoholic liver injury

Question 6

Type of cellular cannibalism in which cells that are not professional phagocytes emgulf nearby living cells.

Answer 6

Entosis

Question 7

Entosis is more oftenly seen in

Answer 7

Tumors

Question 8

Cell death program that relies on caspase-1(IL-1B-converting enzyme

Answer 8

Pyroptosis

Question 9

Caspase-1 is a proinflammatory protease that is produced by?

Answer 9

Inflammasome

Question 10

Variety of apoptosis that occurs in epithelial cells

Answer 10

Anoikis

Question 11

Anoikis is caused by loss of what?

Answer 11

Loss of cell adhesion or inappropriate cell adhesion

Question 12

Significance of anoikis

Answer 12

Efficiently deletes cells that have been displaced from their proper residence.

Question 13

Glycogen storage in cells is normally regulated by what?

Answer 13

By blood glucose concentration

Question 14

Accumulation of cerebrosides, what disease?

Answer 14

Gaucher’s disease

Question 15

Accumulation of gangliosides, what disease?

Answer 15

Tay-Sachs disease

Question 16

Accumulation or products of mucopolysaccharide catabolism, what disease?

Answer 16

Hurler and Hunter Syndromes

Question 17

If the Clusters of cholesterol-containing macrophage in subcutaneous tissues are grossly visible, they are called

Answer 17

Xanthomas

Question 18

Mixture of lipids and proteins that appears as golden brown pigment

Answer 18

Lipofuscin

Question 19

Wear and tear pigment

Answer 19

Lipofuscin

Question 20

T or F: Lipofuscin increases with age

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Insoluble brown-black pigment

Answer 21

Melanin

Question 22

Hereditary inability to produce melanin

Answer 22

Albinism

Question 23

Storage of carbon particles in the lung and regional lymph nodes

Answer 23

Anthracosis

Question 24

Type of calcification that reflects deranged calcium metabolism

Answer 24

Metastatic calcification

Question 25

Type of calcification in injured tissues

Answer 25

Dystropic calcification

Question 26

Conspicious hyperplasia of the skin

Answer 26

Psoriasis

Question 27

Adaptive response to persistent injury

Answer 27

Metaplasia

Question 28

Squamous epithelium of esophagus replaced by glandular mucosa, what condition?

Answer 28

Barret's esophagus

Question 29

T or F: Metaplasia is usually fully reversible

Answer 29

True

Question 30

Disordered cellular growth and maturation

Answer 30

Dysplasia

Question 31

Dysplasia is disturbed by what?

Answer 31

1. Variation in cell size and shape 2. Nuclear enlargement, irregularity and hyperchromatism 3. Disorderderly arrangement of cells in epithelium

Question 32

A preneoplastic lesion; a necessary stage in the multistep cellular evolution to cancer.

Answer 32

Dysplasia

Question 33

Morphologic expression of a disturbance in growth regulation

Answer 33

Dysplasia

Question 34

Most common setting for atrophy to occur

Answer 34

Aging

Question 35

Key component in adaptive hypertrophy

Answer 35

Angiogenesis

Question 36

FOXO activation increases production of what?

Answer 36

Ubiquitin ligases; mediate degradation of muscle proteins by proteasomes

Question 37

T or F: Atrophy is a passive, nonspecific adaptive response rather than an active shutdown of cellular process.

Answer 37

False; active, specific

Question 38

Regulator of transcription factor and a master integrator of exogenous signals that elicit mitochondrial biogenesis.

Answer 38

PGC-1a (upregulated by Exercise)

Question 39

Most common adult autoimmune disease

Answer 39

Rheumatic arthritis

Question 40

Loss of muscle mass in aging is called

Answer 40

Sarcopenia (affects type II fibers); CHF affects type I fibers

Question 41

Barrel shaped organelle that digests polyubiquitinated proteins

Answer 41

Proteasome

Question 42

Two types of proteasomes

Answer 42

20s(degradative unit); 26s(two 19s caps are attached)

Question 43

Proteases that remove Ubs from poly-Ub chains and their partner proteins

Answer 43

Deubiquitinating enzymes

Question 44

Most primitive form of autophagy

Answer 44

Bulk or Macroautophagy

Question 45

Type of necrosis that refer to as specific light microscopic appearances of dead or dying cells. Cell outline is maintained

Answer 45

Coagulative necrosis

Question 46

When the rate at which necrotic cells dissolve greatly exceeds the rate of repair, what type of necrosis?

Answer 46

Liquefactive

Question 47

Cavity formed by liquefactive necrosis in a solid tissue

Answer 47

Abscess

Question 48

Unique feature of fat necrosis

Answer 48

Presence of TAG in adipose tissue

Question 49

Interruption of blood flow

Answer 49

Ischemia

Question 50

PCD seen in bone growth plate

Answer 50

Necroptosis

Question 51

Master regulator of transcriptional responses to low oxygen

Answer 51

HIF-1a