Chapter 1 - Science of Biology

Question 1

What are the characteristics of living systems?

Answer 1

• cellular organization
• ordered complexity
• sensitivity (respond to stimuli)
• growth
• development
• reproduction
• energy utilization (metabolism)
• homeostasis
• evolutionary adaptation

Question 2

What is the hierarchical organization of living systems? (from smallest to largest)

Answer 2

1. atoms
2. molecules
3. organelles
4. cells
5. tissues
6. organs
7. organ system
8. organism
9. population
10. community
11. ecosystem
12. biosphere

Question 3

Deductive Reasoning

Answer 3

apply general principles to predict specific results

Question 4

Inductive Reasoning

Answer 4

use specific observations to construct general scientific principles

Question 5

Hypothesis

Answer 5

suggested explanation based on observations

Question 6

Experiment

Answer 6

test of hypothesis

Question 7

Control Group

Answer 7

variable is constant

Question 8

Experimental Treatment

Answer 8

variable is altered

Question 9

Organism

Answer 9

smallest contiguous unit of life

Question 10

Cell

Answer 10

fundamental unit of life

Question 11

Evolution

Answer 11

How living things change. Describes how organisms have changed over time & acquired a diversity of new forms

Question 12

Natural Selection

Answer 12

Certain physical, behavioral, and other attributes give advantages in environment are more likely to survive and reproduce. This occurs gradually over time

Question 13

Artificial Selection

Answer 13

Certain varieties of animals are selected to produce certain characteristics. Faster process, humans involved

Question 14

What is some evidence of evolution?

Answer 14

• fossil records
• age of Earth
• mechanism of heredity
• comparative anatomy

Question 15

Homologous

Answer 15

same evolutionary origin but differ in structure and function

Question 16

Analogous

Answer 16

similar functions but different evolutionary origins

Question 17

What are the 3 species domain groups?

Answer 17

• domain bacteria
• domain archaea
• domain eukarya

Question 18

Domain Bacteria

Answer 18

• prokaryotes
• unicellular
• found everywhere
• some cause disease but most are beneficial

Question 19

Domain Archaea

Answer 19

• prokaryotes
• unicellular
• in extreme conditions (hot, acidic, salty, etc)

Question 20

Domain Eukarya

Answer 20

• eukaryotes
• unicellular or multicellular
• larger, more sophisticated cells

Question 21

What are the different kingdoms?

Answer 21

• kingdom plantae
• kingdom fungi
• kingdom animalia
• protists

Question 22

How are kingdoms determined?

Answer 22

determined by how members obtain energy

Question 23

Kingdom Plantae

Answer 23

• multicellular
• uses sunlight to produce sugar via photosynthesis

Question 24

Kingdom Fungi

Answer 24

• single celled or multicellular
• decompose & digest dead organisms

Question 25

Kingdom Animalia

Answer 25

- multicellular - eat & digest other organisms

Question 26

Protists

Answer 26

- single celled or multicellular - catch all for remaining eukaryotes - includes many kingdoms

Question 27

Antibiotic

Answer 27

chemical hostile to growth of other organisms

Question 28

Difference btwn genetic variations & natural selection

Answer 28

genetic variations happen by chance, natural selection does not

Question 29

What is natural selection the result of?

Answer 29

interactions btwn genetic variations & environment

Question 30

What are the patterns of natural selection?

Answer 30

- directional: selection favors one extreme version of trait - stabilizing: selection favors trait close to middle (range of phenotypes narrows) - disruptive: selection favors both extreme forms of trait

Question 31

Are viruses living? Why or why not?

Answer 31

no, they lack cell order, cannot transfer energy, & cannot reproduce

Question 32

List the order of organism from most to least specific

Answer 32

1. species 2. genus 3. family 4. order 5. class 6. phylum 7. kingdom 8. domain

Question 33

What are the 3 types of selection?

Answer 33

- sexual - natural - artificial

Question 34

Fitness

Answer 34

genetic contribution of an individual to succeeding generations compared with that of other individuals in the population

Question 35

List the biological system from smallest to largest

Answer 35

1. atoms 2. molecules 3. organelles 4. cells 5. tissues 6. organs 7. organ system 8. organism 9. population 10. community 11. ecosystem 12. biosphere