Chapter 1 Section 3 (1.3) Flashcards
(10 cards)
What are the evolution phases of data communications?
1: Digitization in the 1960s
2: Growth of data communications in the 1970s
3: An era of deregulation in the 1980s
4: The Internet as a common tool in the 1990s
5: Pervasive computing in the 2000s
What does ARPA stand for, and what was the purpose of its establishment?
ARPA stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency. One of ARPA’s primary missions was to find a way for computers to communicate with each other, regardless of the computers” manufacturers.
ARPA stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency. One of ARPA’s primary missions was to find a way for computers to communicate with each other, regardless of the computers” manufacturers.
The Internet mostly in use today, especially in the U.S., is known as version IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4). When this version of the Internet was created, researchers had no way of knowing how wildly successful the Internet would become. Also, the types of data that IPv4 was designed to carry did not include relatively resource-intensive kinds of files such as those carrying video and sound. In the long run, for all of this to happen, IPv4 will ultimately be replaced with the new improved Internet, IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6). This transition is taking place now. IPv6 is viewed by many technologists as a solution to the significant problems that IPv4 cannot address.
What is the main difference between Data Communications and Telecommunications? Where does the prefix “Tele” come from?
Data communications, as the name implies, is focused on the communication of data and information between computers and computer networks. Today, the term data encompasses a much broader range of elements, no longer consisting of just numbers and text. Data communications is formally considered as a subset of telecommunications, meaning that data communications is included within telecommunications, not the other way around. Even so, data communications covers a very large territory. Telecommunications includes many different types of communication besides data, such as voice and video, and includes telephony, telegraphy, and television. Therefore, telecommunications historically has supported other purposes beyond communications between computers and networks. The prefix “tele” comes from the Greek word for distant. In telecommunications, we are usually talking about great distances.
What is the main definition of protocol and for what is it used?
What is the main definition of protocol and for what is it used?
In data communications, protocols must possess four key characteristics in order for communications to successfully and effectively occur. What are these four key characteristics?
- First, an agreement, or protocol, must specify how the data are to be packaged, or formatted, so that they can be sent between sending and receiving devices.
- The ability of the communicating devices to understand the formatting protocols being used.
- A third characteristic that data communication protocols should address is the speed of the communication
- When two devices need to communicate, one of the devices may not be available for a variety of reasons: hardware failure, a downed communication link, system repair, or software upgrading.
What does RFID stand for? For what is RFID used?
RFID stands for Radio Frequency Identification. RFID help businesses to track and monitor inventory. With the use of RFID, businesses can keep accurate records of inventory. Businesses will also know what is in their warehouses or selling from the shelves of retailers. Businesses will have a better understanding of what items should be increased, or decreased, in terms of production.
What are the main differences between protocols and standards?
Protocols are the rules that determine how devices communicate. Standards define the establishment of the essential rules, functionalities, and operations a protocol must fulfill.
Describe two of the Standards-setting organizational bodies.
The ITU-T concerns itself with international telecommunications issues. The ITU-T’s particular areas of interest are phone and data systems. The ITU-T has established standards that define data transmission over phone lines, e-mail and directory services, and transmission over public digital networks.
ANSI represents the United States on the ISO. However, ANSI does not have a formal affiliation with the Federal Government; it is a nonprofit, private corporation. ANSI’s membership list includes industry associations, consumer groups, governmental bodies, professional associations, and other interested parties. ANSI is the principal standards-setting body in the United States.
The IEEE defines many standards for both local area networks (LANs) and backbone networks (BNs). Emphasizing electronics and electrical engineering, the IEEE is the world’s largest professional engineering society. The IEEE is playing a critical part in establishing new wireless communication standards. (See this chapter’s “Topic in Focus” to find out more about the IEEE.)
The TIA is a nonprofit organization accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to develop voluntary industry standards for a wide variety of telecommunications products. The TIA plays a fundamental role in the defining of standards for electrical and functional characteristics of interface equipment.
What is the main purpose of the ISO (International Standards Organization)?
The ISO is an international body of voluntary organizations with great influence in the field of information technology. The ISO attempts to create international technological compatibility by supporting and establishing worldwide standards.
