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Chemistry > Chapter 1 - States Of Matter > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - States Of Matter Flashcards

1
Q

what is matter?

A

anything that occupies space and has mass

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2
Q

what is states of matter?

A

solid, liquid or gas are the three states of matter in which any substance can exist depending on the conditions of temperature and pressure

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3
Q

what are the properties of solids?

A

*has a fixed volume
*high density
*has a definite shape
*doesn’t flow

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4
Q

what are the properties of liquids?

A

*have a fixed volume
*moderate to high density
*no definite shape - takes the shape of its container
*generally flows easily

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5
Q

what are the properties of solids?

A

*no fixed volume - expands to fill the container
*low density
*no definite shape - takes the shape of the container
*flows easily

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6
Q

what is a fluid?

A

a gas or a liquid; they are able to flow

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7
Q

what is melting point?

A

the temperature at which a solid turns into a liquid - it has the same valve as the freezing point; a pure substance has a sharp melting point

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8
Q

what is evaporation?

A

a process occurring at the surface of a liquid, involving the change of state from liquid into a vapour at a temperature below the boiling point

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9
Q

what is boiling?

A

the process of change from liquid to gas at the boiling point of the substance; a condition under which gas bubbles are able to form within a liquid - gas molecules escape from the body of a liquid not just from the surface

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10
Q

what is volatile?

A

term that describes a liquid that evaporated easily; it is a liquid with a low boiling point because there are only weak intermolecular forces between the molecules in a liquid

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11
Q

what is boiling point?

A

the temperature at which a liquid boils, when the pressure of the gas created above the liquid equals atmospheric pressure

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12
Q

what is volatility?

A

the property of how easily a liquid evaporates

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13
Q

what is condensation?

A

the change of a vapour or a gas into a liquid; during this process heat is given out to the surroundings

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14
Q

what is sublimation?

A

a few solids change directly from solid to gas - the term is used for the change in either direction

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15
Q

what is a pure substance?

A

a single chemical element or compound - it melts and boils at definite precise temperatures

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16
Q

what determines if a substance is a solid, liquid or gas?

A

a substance’s melting and boiling points in relation to room temperature
*if melting point is above 25 degrees celsius and the bolting point is above 25, the substance will be a liquid at room temperature

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17
Q

what do impurities affect?

A

the melting or boiling point of a substance - it can melt or boil over a range of temperatures and not at a precise point like a pure substance

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18
Q

what is lattice?

A

a regular three-dimensional arrangement of atoms, molecules or ions in a crystalline solid

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19
Q

what happens during a heating curve?

A

*heat the solid
*temperature rises
*particles gain more energy to vibrate
*starts to become liquid
*break down the forces between particles
*heat the liquid
*temperature rises
*particles gain more energy to move around
*they break the particles between them
*starts to become a gas

20
Q

what happens during a cooling curve?

A

*temperature falls
*particles have less energy
*movement of particles becomes slower
*interactions with other particles become stronger
*start to become a liquid
*temperature continued to fall
*particles have less energy
*interaction between particles become stronger
*movement of particles becomes slower
*starts to become solid

21
Q

what are atoms?

A

the smallest particles of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction

22
Q

what are the key ideas when it comes to atoms?

A

*each element is composed of its own type of atom
*atoms of different elements can combine to make the molecules of a compound

23
Q

what is the kinetic particle theory?

A

a theory which accounts for the bulk properties of the different states of matter in terms of the movement of particles (atoms or molecules) - the theory explains what happens during changes in physical state

24
Q

what are the major points of the kinetic particle theory?

A

*all matter is made up of very small particles
*particles are moving all the time
*the freedom of movement and the arrangement of the particles is different for the three states of matter
*the pressure of a gas is produced by the atoms or molecules of the gas hitting the walls of the container - the more the particles collide with the walls, the greater the pressure

25
Q

what are molecules?

A

a group of atoms held together by covalent bonds

26
Q

what are particles in a gas like?

A

*arranged totally irregularly
*spread very far apart compared to solids and liquids
*able to move randomly

27
Q

what are particles in a liquid like?

A

*closely packed together
*in an irregular arrangement
*able to move around past each other

28
Q

what are the particles in a solid like?

A

*packed closely together
*in a regular arrangement or lattice
*not able to move freely but simply vibrate in their fixed positions

29
Q

what is intermolecular space?

A

the space between atoms or molecules in a liquid or gas - the intermolecular space is small in a liquid but relatively very large in a gas

30
Q

what are intermolecular forces?

A

the weak attractive forces that act between molecules

31
Q

what are the key points from condensation and freezing?

A

*as the particles come closer together, new forces of interaction take place
*meaning that energy is given out during these changes (endothermic)
*therefore the temperature remains unchanged until the liquid or solid is totally formed

32
Q

what are endothermic changes?

A

a process of chemical reaction in which heat energy is produced and released to the surrounding

33
Q

what are endothermic reactions?

A

a process of chemical reaction that takes in heat from surrounding, for example melting, evaporation and boiling

34
Q

what is a mixture?

A

two or more substances mixed together but not chemically combined - the substances can be separated by physical means

35
Q

what is a solution?

A

formed when a substance (solute) dissolves into another substance (solvent)

36
Q

what is a solute?

A

the solid substance that has dissolved in a liquid (the solvent) to form a solution

37
Q

what is a solvent?

A

the liquid that dissolves the solid solute to form a solution

38
Q

what is a suspension?

A

a mixture contains small particles of an insoluble solid or droplets of an insoluble liquid, spread (suspended) throughout a liquid

39
Q

what is a precipitation reaction?

A

a reaction in which an insoluble salt is prepared from solutions of two soluble salts

40
Q

what does it mean if something is soluble?

A

a solute that dissolves in a particular solvent

41
Q

what does it mean if something is insoluble?

A

a substance that doesn’t dissolve in a particular solvent

42
Q

what does miscible mean?

A

if two liquids form a completely uniform mixture when added together, they are said to be miscible

43
Q

what is an alloy?

A

mixtures of elements (usually metals) designed to have the properties useful for a particular purpose

44
Q

what is a saturated solution?

A

a solution that contains as much dissolved solute as possible at a specific temperature

45
Q

what is concentration?

A

a measure of how much solute is dissolved in a solvent to make a solution - solutions can be dilute (with a high proportion of solvent) or concentrated (with high proportion of solute)

46
Q

what is solubility?

A

a measure of how much of a solute dissolves in a solvent at a particular temperature

47
Q

what is diffusion?

A

the process by which fluids mix as a result of the random movement of their particles

Chemistry (6 decks)

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