Chapter 1 Stats

Question 1

subjects are split into groups and then the whole group is selected

Answer 1

Cluster sample

Question 2

a variable that influences the dependent or outcome variable but is not part of the study

Answer 2

Confounding variable

Question 3

the group that does not receive anything or sometimes a placebo

Answer 3

Control group

Question 4

a sampling method whereby the researcher uses subjects that are easily available (i.e. interviews people walking into a mall to find out where they plan to shop)

Answer 4

Convenience sample

Question 5

The branch of statistics that involves the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data

Answer 5

Descriptive statistics

Question 6

the values (measurements or observations) that variables can assume

Answer 6

Data

Question 7

a study whereby the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables

Answer 7

Experimental study

Question 8

the area of statistics whereby probability is used to make inferences from samples to populations

Answer 8

Inferential statistics

Question 9

a level of measurement that ranks data, and there is precise differences between units of measure; however, there is no meaningful zero

Answer 9

Interval level of measurement

Question 10

the measurement scale that classifies data into mutually exclusive (nonoverlapping), exhausting categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on the data

Answer 10

Nominal level of measurement

Question 11

a study whereby the researcher merely observes what is happening or whathas happened in the past and tries to draw conclusions based on these observations

Answer 11

Observational study

Question 12

a level of measurement that classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do exist

Answer 12

Ordinal level of measurement

Question 13

a group that consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied

Answer 13

Population

Question 14

the chance of an event occurring

Answer 14

Probability

Question 15

variables that can be placed into distinct categories according to some characteristic or attribute

Answer 15

Qualitative variable

Question 16

variables that are numerical and can be ordered or ranked

Answer 16

Quantitative variable

Question 17

samples selected by using chance methods or random numbers

Answer 17

Random sampling

Question 18

variables whose values are determined by chance

Answer 18

Random variable

Question 19

a level of measurement that possesses all the characteristics of interval measurement, and there exists a true zero. In addition, true ratios exist when the same variable is measured on two different members of the population.

Answer 19

Ratio level of measurement

Question 20

a group of subjects selected from a population

Answer 20

Sample

Question 21

the science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data

Answer 21

Statistics

Question 22

samples that are obtained by dividing the population into groups (called strata) according to some characteristic that is important to the study, then sampling from each group

Answer 22

Stratified sample

Question 23

a sample obtained from numbering each subject of the population and then selecting every “k”th subject

Answer 23

Systematic sample

Question 24

the group in an experimental study that received special instruction

Answer 24

Treatment group

Question 25

a characteristic or attribute that can assume different values

Answer 25

Variable

Question 26

How was the sample selected? Is the sample representative of the population? Is the sample large enough?

Answer 26

Suspect sample

Question 27

averages can differ and people who know this use the measure of average that lends the most evidence to support their position

Answer 27

Ambiguous average

Question 28

when different values are used to represent the same data

Answer 28

Changing the subject

Question 29

A type of statistic in which no comparison is being made to anything else. "Tylenol works four times faster."

Answer 29

Detached statistics

Question 30

Many claims attempt to imply connections between variables that may not actually exist.

Answer 30

Implied connections

Question 31

graphs that are constructed incorrectly to cause confusion and can lead to false assumptions

Answer 31

Misleading graphs

Question 32

the way questions are phrased can often influence the way people answer them

Answer 32

Faulty survey questions

Question 33

the phenomenon in which the expectations of the participants in a study can influence their behavior

Answer 33

Placebo effect