Chapter 1: Stimuli & Responses

Question 1

What does central nervous system consists?

Answer 1

Brain & Spinal Cord

Question 2

Peripheral nervous system

Answer 2

> 12 CARNIAL NERVES connecting the brain to the sensory and internal organs
31 SPINAL NERVES connecting the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles

Question 3

Function of nervous system

Answer 3

> detects stimuli
send information in form of impulses
produce appropriate responses

Question 4

Voluntary action works

Answer 4

Stimulus>Affector>BRAIN>Effector>Response

Question 5

Involuntary action works

Answer 5

Affector> Effector>Spinal cord

Question 6

Involuntary action can be classified as two

Answer 6

1. Involving medulla oblongata (heartbeat)
2. Involving spinal cord( withdrawing hand when touches smtg hot

Question 7

functions of eye : ciliary muscle

Answer 7

Muscle that changes the thickness of the eye lens through contractions and relaxations

Question 8

functions of eye : eye lens

Answer 8

transparent and elastic convex lens which focuses light onto the retina

Question 9

functions of eye : sclera

Answer 9

strong layer that maintains the shape of the eye and protects it

Question 10

functions of eye : choroid

Answer 10

black layer prevents reflection
supply oxygen and nutrients to the eye

Question 11

functions of eye : retina

Answer 11

contains photoreceptors
(> detects light
> produces nerve impulses)

Question 12

functions of eye : yellow spot

Answer 12

part of retina that is most sensitive to light as it has many photoreceptors

Question 13

functions of eye : optic nerves

Answer 13

nerve fibers which carry nerve impluses from the retina to the brain to be interpreted

Question 14

functions of eye : blind spot

Answer 14

part of retina which is not sensitive to light as there are no photoreceptors and an exit point for all optic nerve fibers

Question 15

functions of eye : vitreous humour

Answer 15

transparent jelly-like substance which maintains the shape of the eyeball and focuses light onto retina

Question 16

functions of eye : conjunctiva

Answer 16

transparent menbrane
> protects front part of sclera

Question 17

functions of eye : aqueous humour

Answer 17

transparent fluid
> maintains the shape of the eyeball and focuses light into the eye

Question 18

functions of eye : pupil

Answer 18

> opening in the centre of the iris
controls the quantity of light entering the eye

Question 19

functions of eye : iris

Answer 19

> the coloured part
controls the size of the pupil

Question 20

functions of eye : cornea

Answer 20

> transparent layer
refracts and focuses light onto retina

Question 21

functions of eye : suspensory ligaments

Answer 21

strong fibers which hold the eye lens in its position

Question 22

ROD CELLS

Answer 22

> sensitive to the colous of light intensities

Question 23

CONE CELLS

Answer 23

> sensitive to the colour of light under bright conditions

Question 24

Structure of ear: Earlobe

Answer 24

collects and directs SOUND WAVES into the ear canal

Question 25

Structure of ear: Earcanal

Answer 25

> directs SOUND WAVES into eardrum

Question 26

Structure of ear: Eardrum

Answer 26

> vibrates according to the frequency of the sound waves received > transfers the vibrations to the ossicles

Question 27

Structure of ear: Ossicles

Answer 27

> AMPLIFY sound vibrations > transfer them to the oval window

Question 28

Structure of ear: Oval window

Answer 28

> Collects and transfers SOUNDS VIBRATIONS from the ossicles to the cochlea

Question 29

Structure of ear: Eustachian tube

Answer 29

>balances the air pressure on both sides of the eardrum

Question 30

Structure of ear: Cochlea

Answer 30

> detects and converts sounds vibrations into NERVE IMPLUSES

Question 31

Structure of ear: Semicircular canals

Answer 31

> detects the position of the head and help to balance the body

Question 32

Structure of ear: Auditory nerve

Answer 32

> sends NERVE IMPULSES from the cochlea to the brain to be interpreted

Question 33

Mechanism of hearing

Answer 33

Earlobe> ear canal> eardrum> ossicle bones>oval window> cochlea>auditory nerve>brain

Question 34

Mechanism of sight

Answer 34

1.light rays enter: cornea> aqueous humour eye >eye lens >vitreous humour> retina 2. in the retina: objects appear smaller and inverted

Question 35

The sensitivity of the skin

Answer 35

1. The number of receptors 2. The thickness of skin epidermis

Question 36

Short- sightedness (rabun jauh)

Answer 36

>cannot see distant objects clearly >it is because image is focus IN FRONT OF THE RETINA > caused by a) eye lens too thick b) eyeball being too long

Question 37

Long Sightedness

Answer 37

> cannit see near objects clearly > Because image is focus BEHIND THE RETINA

Question 38

Astigmatism (silau)

Answer 38

>seeing part of an object clearer than the rest of the object > due to UNEVEN CURVATURE

Question 39

Ways to correct short sightedness

Answer 39

CONCAVE LENS

Question 40

Ways to correct long sightedness

Answer 40

CONVEX LENS

Question 41

Ways to correct astigmatism

Answer 41

CYLINDRICAL LENS

Question 42

Human hearing range

Answer 42

20 Hz to 20 000 Hz

Question 43

Nastic movement

Answer 43

the response towards touch but DOES NOT DEPEND ON THE STIMULUS DIRECTION

Question 44

Thigmotropism

Answer 44

Response towards touch > tendrils or twinning stems show positive thigmotropism > cling to whatever objects to grow and obtain sunlight > to gain support

Question 45

Stereoscopic vision

Answer 45

> front of the head > narrow field of vision > 3D Humans and predators have stereoscopic vision