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Biol 305 > Chapter 1: symbiosis & Parasitism > Flashcards

Chapter 1: symbiosis & Parasitism Flashcards

1
Q

How often does a child die of Malaria in Africa?

A

Every 30 seconds

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2
Q

All Helminths (infections/deaths)

A

4.465/few

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3
Q

Ascaris (infections/deaths)

A

1472/60 thousand

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4
Q

Hookworms (infections/deaths)

A

1298 million/60 thousands

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5
Q

Trichuris (infections/deaths)

A

1049 million/60 thousands

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6
Q

Filarial worms (infections/deaths)

A

657 million/ 20-50+thousands

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7
Q

Schistosomes (infections/deaths)

A

200 million/0.5-1 million

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8
Q

Malaria (infections/deaths)

A

689 million /1-2 million (150 million new cases/year)

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9
Q

Chagas’ disease (infections/deaths)

A

18 million/50 thousand +

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10
Q

Entamoeoba histolytica (infections/deaths)

A

50 million / 40 thousand

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11
Q

HIV/AIDS infection (infections/deaths)

A

50-60 million/ about 8 million (estimate)

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12
Q

How many children in the world are infected with worms?

A

55 million

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13
Q

What is parasitism?

A

symbiotic relationship in which the parasite is metabolically dependent on the host (either for survival or for reproduction)

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14
Q

What is symbiosis?

A
  • heterospecific organisms live together
  • larger species host: smaller species symbiont
  • 4 types showing range of dependency
  • beauty and fellowship: 2 animals benefit from each other
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15
Q

What are the 4 types of symbiosis?

A
  1. phoresis
  2. commensalism
  3. parasitism
  4. mutualism
    (They can all overlap)
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16
Q

What is phoresis?

A

photons carried by host - no metabolic dependency (EX: pollen on bee leg)

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17
Q

What is commensalism?

A

commensal and host share food — no metabolic dependency (EX: clown fish & sea anemone)

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18
Q

What is mutualism?

A

mutualist & host metabolically dependent on each other (EX: lichen: fungus and alga)

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19
Q

General characteristics of parasites

A
  1. parasites show degrees of host specificity based o physiologically specificity
  2. ecological specificity
  3. Parasite antigens elicit host immune response
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20
Q

What is the only insect hosts for malaria parasites and why? (shows physiological specificity)

A

Anopheles mosquitoes because:
- biochemically suitable (pH, nutrients, osmolarity, etc)
- immunologically tolerant

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21
Q

Ecological specificity

A
  • species are never infected with parasite (even though susceptible)
  • canopy species of anopheles never encounter infected humans so they do not become infected with the human malaria parasite
  • some anopheles are zoophilic
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22
Q

look at immune response things

A
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23
Q

Immunopathology

A
  • a major cause of harm
  • 2 mechanisms:
    1. hypersensitivity
    2. inflammation
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24
Q

What is hypersensitivity?

A

overstimulation of the immune system, leading to tissue damage
- tissue damage often due to inflammation

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25
Q

What is an example of inflammation causing tissue damage?

A

inflammation in the brain in response to parasite antigen adhering to blood vessel

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26
Q

how does inflammation cause tissue damage?

A

parasite molecules —> host proinflammatory molecules —> influx of WBCs —> secretion of toxic metabolites (enzymes, free radicals) —> killing of “bystander cells”

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27
Q

What is immunosuppression?

A
  • avoids clearance
  • may also protect host from hypersensitivity
  • parisitologists study 4 groups: protists, flatworms, roundworms, & arthropods
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28
Q

What is an EX of occupation of privileged site?

A
  • no MHC proteins on RBC
  • antibody cannot cross membrane
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29
Q

How can parasites harm hosts?

A
  1. competition for nutrients
  2. destruction/alteration of tissues
  3. mechanical interference
  4. hypersensitivity reactions
30
Q

What is an example of a parasite competing for nutrients?

A

tapeworms (Diphylobothrium latum) can cause megaloblastic anemia because compete for vitamin B12

31
Q

What are 2 examples of parasites that destroy tissues and how?

A
  • Leishmania braziliansis can destroy nasal septum
  • schistosoma haematobium can cause polyp in the urinary bladder
32
Q

What is an example of mechanical interference from parasites?

A

blockage of bile ducts by liver flukes

33
Q

What is an example of hypersensitivity reactions

A

elephantiasis due to immune mediated destruction of lymphatic vessels

34
Q

look back at slide 20-24

A
35
Q

What are the types of parasites?

A
  1. obligate
  2. accidental
  3. facultative
  4. endoparasite
  5. ectoparasite
36
Q

what is an obligate parasite and example?

A

host is required for survival or life cycle (EX: tapeworm, female mosquito)

37
Q

what is a facultative parasite and example?

A
  • free living organism —> parasite
  • EX: naegleria fowleri (brain eating amoeba) lives in water
38
Q

what is an accidental parasite and example?

A

parasite in wrong host (usually dies)
- dermatitis causes by avian schistosomes when in humans (typically like to live in ducks/geese)P

39
Q

what is an endoparasite parasite and example?

A

live inside the tissues (can be blood, brain, small intestine, or subcutaneous tissues)

40
Q

what is an ectoparasite parasite and example?

A

on the bodies surface (EX: anopheles mosquito)

41
Q

what is a vector?

A
  • carries a pathogen or parasite
  • living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal to a human
  • frequently arthropods
  • related to plagues and pestilences in Scripture
42
Q

What is a hyperparasite?

A

a parasite of a parasite

43
Q

What is the offspring of a parasite?

A

progeny

44
Q

What is a definitive host?

A

a host where sexual repro occurs (to produce numbers in mass)

45
Q

What is a reservoir host?

A

alternative (to human) definitive host

46
Q

What is an intermediate host?

A

asexual reproduction or development

47
Q

What is zoonosis?

A

infection of human by animal parasite

48
Q

What is a paratenic host?

A

transport only — no reproduction or development

49
Q

Which host is usually the most important in nature?

A

Reservoir host

50
Q

What are characteristics of protozoa parasites?

A
  • single cell parasites
  • eukaryotic in nature
  • absorb/ingest organic chemicals
  • may be motile (pseudopods, cilia, or flagella)
  • may be non-motile
51
Q

What are examples of multicellular animal parasites?

A
  • parasitic flatworms/roundworms (helminths)
  • Guinea worm
52
Q

Which 3 major phyla of parasites are included in opisthokonts?

A
  1. platyhelminthes
  2. nematoda
  3. arthropoda
53
Q

What are the 3 domains of life?

A
  1. bacteria
  2. archea
  3. eukarya
54
Q

What are the 7 eukaryotic “lineages” or kingdoms ?

A
  1. excavata
  2. amebozoa
  3. alveolata
  4. stamenopila
  5. rhizaria
  6. plantae
  7. opisthokonta
55
Q

how many of the 7 eukaryotic lineages/kingdoms are with human parities?

A

5

56
Q

How many of the lineages or kingdoms are protists (single celled)?

A

4

57
Q

look at puzzle of parasite phylogeny

A
58
Q

What is zoonotic spillover?

A

virus, bacteria, or protozoan spills over from its intended placement to another causing disease

59
Q

What is displacement?

A

Microbe, animal, or “parasite” displaced out of its original position or purpose (EX: Corona can live in bats)
- Goes from sylvatic (jungle) cycle to urban (domestic) cycle (animal —> human infections)

60
Q

How many new novel/reemerging diseases since 1980?

A

87 (WHO tracks over 100 emerging and reemerging diseases)

61
Q

What percent of all known infectious diseases can be spread from animals to people?

A

60%

62
Q

How many emerging infectious diseases in people come from animals?

A

3/4

63
Q

What are the most common pathogens of high consequences?

A
  • SARS-CoV-2/CoV-1
  • Borrelia
  • Yersinia pestis
  • Dengue virus
  • west nile virus
  • zika virus
64
Q

What is the #1 zoonotic disease in the USA & classic example?

A

Lyme disease

65
Q

How many people each year are diagnoses & treated with lyme disease?

A

about 476,000

66
Q

What are hosts of lxodes spp (lyme)?

A

white -tailed deer

67
Q

What are the amplifying host for borrelia burgodoferi?

A

humans

68
Q

What is alph-gal syndrome (AGS)?

A
  • associated with tick bites (primarily lone star tick)
  • Bedford is #2 county in the world for it
69
Q

Who is a Christian pioneer in parasitology?

A

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

70
Q

Read more on ticks

A

Biol 305 (5 decks)

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