Chapter 1 Test study guide cards

Question 1

WHAT ELEMENTS MAKE UP 96% OF LIVING MATTER?

Answer 1

Carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 2

AMINO ACIDS ARE ACIDS BECAUSE THEY ALWAYS CONTAIN WHICH FUNCTIONAL GROUP?

Answer 2

Carboxyl Groups

Question 3

Monomer and Polymer for Carbohydrates

Answer 3

Monomer - Monosaccharides
Polymer - Polysaccharides

Question 4

WHAT TYPE OF BOND MUST BE BROKEN FOR WATER TO VAPORIZE?

Answer 4

Hydrogen bonds

Question 5

Monomer and Polymer for Lipids

Answer 5

Monomer - Fatty Acids
Polymer - Triglycerides

Question 6

What is a covalent bond?

Answer 6

two molecules bonded by the sharing of electrons.

Question 7

WHY DOES ICE FLOAT?

Answer 7

when water freezes it expands becoming lighter

Question 8

Monomer and Polymer for Proteins

Answer 8

Monomer - Amino Acid
Polymer - Polypeptides

Question 9

WHAT RESULTS FROM AN UNEQUAL SHARING OF ELECTRONS BETWEEN ATOMS?

Answer 9

a polar covalent bond

Question 10

CONTRAST HYDROPHOBIC AND HYDROPHILIC

Answer 10

Hydrophobic materials are water fearing (doesn’t mix with water) and hydrophilic materials are water loving (love being wetted by water

Question 11

Monomer and Polymer for Nucleic Acids

Answer 11

Monomer - Nucleotides
Polymer - Polynucleotides

Question 12

WHICH MOLECULE IS NOT FORMED BY DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS?

Answer 12

Fatty Acids

Question 13

Name the Four Main Polymers

Answer 13

Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, and Nucleic Acid

Question 14

What is Hydrolysis (Condensation)?

Answer 14

When a molecule of water breaks a chemical bond (Water is added)

Question 15

What is a polar covalent bond?

Answer 15

An unequal sharing of electrons between atoms

Question 16

WHAT IS THE PH OF A SOLUTION WITH A HYDROXYL ION CONCENTRATION OF 10 -12?

Answer 16

2

Question 17

WHEN IS A COVALENT BOND MOST LIKELY TO BE POLAR?

Answer 17

when it is formed between two atoms with different electronegativities.

Question 18

What is Dehydration Synthesis?

Answer 18

When a molecule of water is taken away in order to bond a molecule

Question 19

HOW MANY MOLECULES OF WATER ARE NEEDED TO COMPLETELY
HYDROLYZE A POLYMER THAT IS 6 MONOMERS LONG?

Answer 19

5

Question 20

WHAT IS THE PH SCALE USED FOR?

Answer 20

To measure the acidity of a substance.

Question 21

HOW ARE POLYSACCHARIDES SIMILAR TO PROTEINS?

Answer 21

They both give energy to the body when required and consist of repeating units to make a complete structure. Aides in repair and growth

Question 22

IF A PH SOLUTION IS DECREASED FROM 9 TO 8, WHAT DOES IT MEAN?

Answer 22

The concentration of H+ has increased tenfold (10X) and the concentration of OH- has decreased to one-tenth (1/10).

Question 23

WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN THE BONDING OF AN UNSATURATED
FAT AND A SATURATED FAT?

Answer 23

Saturated fatty acids - single bonds only
Unsaturated fatty acids - one or more double bonds

Question 24

WHAT ARE BUFFER SOLUTIONS AND WHAT IS THEIR PURPOSE?

Answer 24

A buffer is an aqueous solution containing a weak acid and its conjugate base or a weak base and its conjugate acid.

Question 25

WHAT TYPE OF BONDS ARE PRODUCED IN THE PRIMARY STRUCTURE OF A PROTEIN?

Answer 25

Covalent, peptide bonds

Question 26

IN A POLAR MOLECULE WHICH SUBSTANCE IS THE SOLUTE?

Answer 26

The substance being dissolved.

Question 27

WHICH TYPE OF BOND IS RESPONSIBLE FOR MAINTAINING A 3 DIMENSIONAL SHAPE?

Answer 27

Hydrogen Bonds

Question 28

WHAT TYPE OF PROTEIN FOLDING IS IMPORTANT TO R GROUPS?

Answer 28

Tertiary Structure

Question 29

WHAT MAKES UP A NUCLEOTIDE?

Answer 29

A sugar molecule (either ribose in RNA or deoxyribose in DNA), a phosphate group, and a nitrogen-containing base.

Question 30

WHICH COMPOUND HAS THE MOST COVALENT BOND?

Answer 30

The compound with the most covalent bond is hydrogen fluoride (HF)

Question 31

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENCES BETWEEN DNA AND RNA? (There Are Two)

Answer 31

-RNA contains the sugar ribose, while DNA contains deoxyribose -RNA has the nucleobase uracil while DNA contains thymine

Question 32

What is an ionic bond?

Answer 32

chemical bond that forms when an atom donates one or more electrons to another atom

Question 33

Structure of A Carboxyl Group

Answer 33

A carbon atom is attached to an oxygen atom with the help of a double bond

Question 34

Structure of An Amine Group

Answer 34

Composed of a nitrogen atom that forms a total of three bonds

Question 35

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURAL FORMULA FOR ALCOHOL?

Answer 35

H H | | H---C---C---O---H | | H H

Question 36

WHICH WATER PROPERTY DESCRIBES MAINTAINING BODY TEMP BY SWEATING? WHICH BONDS ARE BROKEN WHEN HEAT IS ABSORBED?

Answer 36

Evaporation of sweat, which is 90 percent water, allows for cooling of an organism, because breaking hydrogen bonds requires an input of energy and takes heat away from the body.

Question 37

WHICH BONDS ARE THE STRONGEST? WEAKEST?

Answer 37

The strongest chemical bonds are ionic bonds.

Question 38

WHAT ARE THE CATEGORIES OF CARBOHYDRTATES, DESCRIBE EACH.

Answer 38

Simple and complex. Simple carbs are composed of 1 or 2 sugars. Complex

Question 39

what is a compound?

Answer 39

A compound is a pure substance that is made up of two or more different elements chemically combined in a fixed ratio. (H2O)

Question 40

STEROID MOLECULE STRUCTURE

Answer 40

Four Hexagons

Question 41

THE STRUCTURAL LEVEL OF PROTEIN LEAST AFFECTED BY A DISRUPTION IN HYDROGEN BONDING IS WHAT LEVEL?

Answer 41

Primary level.

Question 42

what is chemical equilibrium?

Answer 42

Chemical equilibrium is a state in which the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction.

Question 43

HOW MANY ELECTRON PAIRS DOES CARBON SHARE IN ORDER TO COMPLETE ITS VALENCE SHELL?

Answer 43

To achieve a full outer energy level and, thus, a most stable electron arrangement, carbon would need to share four pairs of electrons.

Question 44

WHAT TYPE OF BOND IS USED TO ATTRACT WATER MOLECULES TOGETHER?

Answer 44

Hydrogen bond

Question 45

CARBON ATOMS LIKE TO FORM WHAT BOND WITH OTHER ATOMS?

Answer 45

Covalent bonds.

Question 46

30. WHICH 2 FUNTIONAL GROUPS ARE ALWAYS FOUND IN AMINO ACIDS?

Answer 46

Carboxyl and amino groups.