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CSC 200 > Chapter 1--the Big Picture > Flashcards

Chapter 1--the Big Picture Flashcards

1
Q

Who built the first gear-driven machine that did addition and subtraction?

A

Blaise Pascal

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2
Q

Who built the first machine that did addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division?

A

Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz

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3
Q

who designed the first machine that included memory?

A

Charles Babbage

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4
Q

Who was considered the first programmer?

A

Ada Lovelace

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5
Q

Who proposed that a punch card be used for counting the census?

A

Dr. Herman Hollerith

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6
Q

Who edited Babbabe’s work?

A

Ada Lovelace

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7
Q

Who was Ada Lovelace’s father?

A

Lord Byron

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8
Q

Who would have been mentioned in the book “the Code Breakers”?

A

Alan Turing, for breaking the Enigma code

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9
Q

Who developed the concept of punched holes used in weaving cloth?

A

Joseph Jacquard

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10
Q

Who is associated with IBM?

A

Dr. Herman Hollerith

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11
Q

why was Mosaic important?

A

It was the first web browser that supported graphics

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12
Q

Discuss the browser wars

A

Netscape Navigator and IE were the two browsers available in the mid-to-late 90s. NN grew from Mosaic, but IE was bundled with all copies of Windows, so IE won out.

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13
Q

Describe how the Web changed after 2002.

A

user-generated and -edited content became more important, through social networking, blogs, forums, wikpedia, etc..

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14
Q

what are the 4 areas in which computer programmers must be proficient? Define those areas

A

Algorithmic thinking–representing progems as step-by-step procedures to solve them, representation–in which one is able to store data in a way that it can be processed efficiently, programming–in which one combines algorithmic thinking and representation into software, Design–in which the software serves a useful purpose

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15
Q

Distinguish between computing as a tool and as a discipline

A

computing is a discipline in terms of low-level programming, and a tool in terms of higher-level applications

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16
Q

compare and contrast FORTRAN nad COBOL

A

FORTRAN was designed for numerical applications, and grew slowly from simpler to more complex. COBOL was designed almost in its entirety first, and changed little over time after it was written. It was designed for business applications

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17
Q

Distinguish between an assembler and a compiler

A

compilers translate text-based code in a higher-level language into binary machine language or a lower-level language, whereas assemblers translate low-level mnemonic-based code into binary machine language.

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18
Q

what constitutes systems software?

A

loaders, linkers, the OS, assemblers, and compilers

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19
Q

What was the reason for the development of OS, and what are they?

A

they are software that determines what software is run when, and they were developed to allow the computer to continue processing while the human was preparing the next command

20
Q

Define linkers, loaders, and editors.

A

linkers link pieces of large programs together, and loaders load programs into memory. Editors are text-based programs in which high-level programms are written

21
Q

How was SPSS different from the programs that came before it?

A

it was a general-purpose application, in which non-programmers could describe data and the statistics to be computed on that data

22
Q

name the layers of a computing system, from inner to outer.

A

information, hardware, programming, operating systems, applications, communications

23
Q

what is Miller’s Law?

A

a human can actively manage about 7 (plus or minus 2, depending on the person) pieces of information in short-term memory at one time.

24
Q

what was the first commercial computer?

A

the UNIVAC I, delivered to the Bureau of the Census. it was the first computer used to predict the outcome of a presidential election

25
Q

what were the memory and information storage devices of the first computers?

A

vacuum tubes and magnetic drums, and later magnetic tape drives.

26
Q

what was the time frame of the first generation of computers?

A

1951 to 1959

27
Q

what was the time frame of the 2nd generation of computing?

A

1959-1965

28
Q

what developments hallmarked the second generation of computing?

A

the transistor replacing the vacuum tube, and the advent of immediate-access memory. Magnetic cores and magnetic disks sped up the memory-access process.

29
Q

What was the design of the magnetic core?

A

they are tiny doughnut-shaped devices, capable of storing 1 bit of infor, that were strung together with wires to form cells, and cells were combined into a memory unit.

30
Q

what was the time frame of the 3rd generation of computing? What hallmarked it?

A

1965 to 1971. The integrated circuit and the terminal.

31
Q

what was the time frame of the 4th generation of computing? What hallmarked it?

A

1971-?. Large-scale integration. the PC. Workstations. the RISC (reduced-instruction-set-computer) architecture, starting with Sun’s RISC chip in 1987. These RISC workstations were often called UNIX workstations. Machine language.

32
Q

Discuss parallel computing.

A

SIMD (single-instruction, multiple-data-stream) machines divide a single step in a program into pieces that are executed simultaneously on several individual processors. MIMD (multiple instruction, multiple-data-stream) machines work on different parts of a problem simultaneously. Programmers have to write software differently to take advantage of these developments.

33
Q

The beginning of ethernet: who, what, and when?

A

coaxial cable, Robert Metcalfe and David Boggs, 1973.

34
Q

discuss the beginnings of ARPANET

A

11 nodes, mainly distributed around LA and Boston, late 1960s.

35
Q

discuss the first generation of software, and give time frame.

A

1951-1959. The first programs were all written in machine language. assembly languages and translators were invented during this time.

36
Q

Discuss 2nd generation of software, and give time frame.

A

1959-1965. High-level languages. FORTRAN/COBOL. Lisp/Scheme. (scheme is a dialect of Lisp). Systems programmers versus applications programmers.

37
Q

Discuss 3rd generation of software, and give time frame.

A

1965-1971. development of OS and systems software. Time-sharing. SPSS and other general-purpose applications. BASIC.

38
Q

Discuss 4th generation of software, and give time frame.

A

1971-1989. structured programming–PASCAL and Modula-2. C and C++.Unix. PC-DOS and MS-DOS. Macs added the mouse and the point-and-click-type GUI. Basic office-type software like Lotus 123, Wordperfect, etc. became cheaply and widely available

39
Q

Discuss 5th generation of software and give timeframe.

A

1990-now. object-oriented design, the dominance of Microsoft, and the Web. Java. embedded systems.

40
Q

What is the Tenth Strand in computing?

A

social and professional issues

41
Q

When was Mosaic released, and who created it?

A

1993, Marc Andreesen and Eric Bina

42
Q

What year was the Microsoft antitrust lawsuit settled?

A

2001

43
Q

What was the first commercially successful spreadsheet allowed novices to enter and analyze all kinds of data?

A

Lotus 1-2-3

44
Q

What were the names of Babbage’s devices?

A

Difference Engine and Analytical Engine

45
Q

What famous person did Lovelace study with besides Babbage?

A

Luigi Menabrea

46
Q

Top areas of computing discipline?

A 
Discrete structures
Programming fundamentals
Algorithms and complexity
Architecture and organization 
Operating systems
Net-centric computing
Programming languages
Human-computer interaction 
Graphics and visual computing
Intelligent systems
Information management
Software engineering
Computational science
Social and professional issues

CSC 200 (12 decks)

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