Chapter 1- The Cell

Question 1

Cytosol

Answer 1

Allows for diffusion of molecules throughout the cell

Question 2

What happens in the nucleolus?

Answer 2

rRNA is synthesized (transcription occurs here)

Question 3

Mitochondria replication

Answer 3

Contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of nucleus via binary fission

Question 4

Apoptosis

Answer 4

Programmed Cell death caused by mitochondria releasing enzymes from ETC

Question 5

Autolysis

Answer 5

Lysosomes releasing their hydrolytic enzymes resulting in apoptosis

Question 6

Smooth ER

Answer 6

Lipid synthesis and detoxification of certain drugs and poisons. Also transports proteins from rough ER to Golgi apparatus

Question 7

Peroxisomes

Answer 7

Breakdown long chain fatty acids via beta-oxidation. Participate in synthesis of phospholipids and contain some enzymes involved in pentose phosphate pathway

Question 8

Three components of cytoskeleton

Answer 8

1. Microfilaments 2. Microtubules 3. Intermediate filaments

Question 9

9 + 2 structure

Answer 9

Seen only in eukaryotic organelles of motility (so related to microtubules)

Question 10

Epithelial cells and parenchyma

Answer 10

Diverse tissue. P- functional part of organ is made up of epithelial cell (ex: nephron of kidney is made from epithelial cells)

Question 11

Epithelia cells classified by layers

Answer 11

Simple- 1 layer Stratified- multiple layers Pseudostratified- appear to have multiple layers due to height differences but actually 1 layer

Question 12

Epithelia cells classified by shape

Answer 12

Cuboidal, columnar (long and thin), and squamous (flat and scalelike)

Question 13

Examples of connective tissue

Answer 13

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, adipose tissue, and BLOOD

Question 14

Primary protein in microfilaments

Answer 14

Actin

Question 15

Primary protein in microtubules

Answer 15

Tubulin

Question 16

Primary protein in intermediate filaments

Answer 16

Keratin and desmin

Question 17

Bacteria by shape

Answer 17

1. Cocci- spherical 2. Bacilli- rod shaped 3. Spirilli- spiral shaped

Question 18

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 18

Can do both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism

Question 19

Envelope

Answer 19

Cell wall and cell membrane

Question 20

2 types of cell wall

Answer 20

1. Gram positive 2. Gram negative

Question 21

Gram positive cells

Answer 21

Absorbs CV stain. Thick layer of peptidoglycan (aa + sugar). Also has lipoteichoic acid. Protection from human immune system.

Question 22

Gram negative cells

Answer 22

Thin and have peptidoglycan but less than positive. Have another outer membrane containing phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides (which causes human inflammatory response).

Question 23

Chemotaxis

Answer 23

Ability of a cell to detect chemical stimuli and move toward or away from them

Question 24

Three parts of flagella (prokaryotic)

Answer 24

1. Filament (hallow helical structure filled with flagellin) 2. Basal body (motor and anchor) 3. Hook (connects filament to basal body)

Question 25

Prokaryotes lack...

Answer 25

Mitochondria (they use the cell membrane for ETC and generation of ATP)

Question 26

Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic ribosomes

Answer 26

P- 30 and 50S subunits E- 40 and 60D subunits

Question 27

Episomes

Answer 27

Subset of bacterial plasmids that are capable of integrating into the genome of the bacterium

Question 28

Transformation

Answer 28

Results from integration of foreign genetic material into the host genome. Mainly gram-negative rods

Question 29

Conjugation

Answer 29

Bacterial mating. Transfer of genetic material. Bridge formed called sex pili.

Question 30

To form a sex pili bacteria must contain what?

Answer 30

Plasmids (sex factors). F-fertility- factor

Question 31

Transduction

Answer 31

Genetic recombination that requires a vector (virus that carries genetic material from 1 bacterium to another).

Question 32

Obligate intracellular pathogens

Answer 32

Cannot reproduce outside of a host cell

Question 33

Transposons

Answer 33

Genetic elements capable of inserting and removing themselves from the genome

Question 34

Capsid

Answer 34

Protein coat on virus

Question 35

Retroviruses

Answer 35

Enveloped, single stranded RNA viruses. Carry reverse transcriptase (makes DNA from RNA)

Question 36

Extrusion

Answer 36

Viral progeny leaving the host cell without lysing the cell

Question 37

Lytic cycle

Answer 37

Bacteria doesn't care about host cell. Makes enough virions to burst host cell and goes to infect other bacteria

Question 38

Lysogenic cycle

Answer 38

Virus does not lyse bacterium. Integrates its DNA into host genome