Chapter 1. The Cell Flashcards
(37 cards)
Who is Robert Hooke?
- In 1665, Robert Hooke assembled a microscope and tested it using a piece of cork.
- He could not see cell structures because corks are nonliving.
Who is Anton van Leeuwenhoek?
- In 1674, Anton van Leeuwenhoek was the first to view a living cell under a microscope.
- He looked at his dental scrapings under the microscope.
- He noticed many animal creatures moving around and he named them “animalcules”–> it was actually bacteria!
In 1850, ____ demonstrated that diseased cells could arise from normal cells in normal tissues.
Rudolph Virchow
What is the cell theory?
- All living things are composed of cells.
- The cell is the basic functional unit of life.
- Cells arise only from preexisting cells.
- Cells carry genetic information in the form of DNA. This genetic material is passed on from parent to daughter cell.
Are viruses considered living organisms? Explain.
No
- They are unable to reproduce on their own.
- They can only replicate by invading other organisms.
- They contain RNA as their genetic information.
What is the main difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells contain a true nucleus enclosed in a membrane, prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus.
Membranes of eukaryotic cells are composed of a ____.
phospholipid bilayer
The ____ allows for the diffusion of molecules throughout the cell.
cytosol
Eukaryotic cells reproduce by ____, which results in two identical daughter cells.
mitosis
What is the function of the nuclear pores in the nuclear membrane?
Nuclear pores in the nuclear membrane allow for the selective two-way exchange of material between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
Where is the nucleolus located and what is its function?
- Located in the nucleus.
- Where the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized.
- Takes up about 25 percent of the volume of the entire nucleus.
Why are mitochondria known as “the power plant of the cell”.
Due to their important metabolic functions.
How many layers do mitochondria have? What are they?
- Two
- Outer membrane and inner membrane
What is the difference between the inner and outer membrane of mitochondria?
- The outer membrane serves as a barrier between the cytosol and the inner environment of the mitochondrion.
- The inner membrane contains the molecules and enzymes necessary for the electron transport chain.
The inner membrane of mitochondria is thrown into numerous foldings called ____.
cristae
What is the function of the cristae in mitochondria?
The cristae increase the surface area available for the electron transport chain enzymes.
The pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space (space between the inner and outer membrane) establishes the ____.
proton motive force
The pumping of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space (space between the inner and outer membrane) establishes the proton motive force. These protons flow through ATP synthase to generate ATP during ____.
oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondria are different from other parts of the cell in that they are semiautonomous. What does this mean?
Contain some of their own genes and replicate independently of the nucleus via binary fission.
How can mitochondria kill the cell?
They are capable of killing the cell (apoptosis) by the release of enzymes from the electron transport chain.
What are lysosomes?
- Lysosomes are membrane-bound structures containing hydrolytic enzymes that are capable of breaking down many different substrates, including substances ingested by endocytosis and cellular waste products.
- The release of these enzymes can occur in a process known as autolysis, degradation of cellular components.
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a series of interconnected membranes that are actually contiguous with the ____.
nuclear envelope
What is the difference between the rough ER and the smooth ER?
- Rough ER (RER)
- Stubbed with ribosomes, which permit the translation of proteins destined for secretion directly into its lumen.
- Smooth ER (SER)
- Lacks ribosomes.
- Utilized primary for lipid synthesis and the detoxification of certain drugs and poisons.
- Transports proteins from the RER to the Golgi apparatus.
Materials from the ER are transferred to the Golgi apparatus in ____.
vesicles
