Chapter 1: The Culturally Competent Counselor

Question 1

Counseling that integrates cultural identities and takes into account their influence on the counseling relationship, process, and outcome

Answer 1

Multicultural counseling

Question 2

Shared values, practice, social norms, and worldview associated with a particular cultural group

Answer 2

Culture

Question 3

Changes in behavior, cognitions, values, language, cultural activities, personal relational styles, and beliefs that a cultural minority group undergoes as it encounters the dominant culture

Answer 3

Acculturation

Question 4

The socialization process through which individuals learn and acquire the cultural and psychological qualities of their own group

Answer 4

Enculturation

Question 5

Commonalities shared by all cultures and, in fact, all humankind

Answer 5

Universal culture

Question 6

Characteristics shared by a cultural group or subgroup

Answer 6

Group culture

Question 7

Those behaviors, attitudes, and cognitions which are unique to specific individuals; may be outside the norms of the group to which the individuals belong

Answer 7

Individual culture

Question 8

The narrow and rigid view of the world and other cultural groups that ensues when one uses one’s own cultural group as a reference and standard of normality

Answer 8

Ethnocentricism/cultural encapsulation

Question 9

The degree to which individuals identity themselves as belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories

Answer 9

Cultural identity

Question 10

The intrapersonal and interpersonal process in which individuals engage in order to build a clearer and more complex cultural identity in terms of race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and other areas

Answer 10

Cultural identity development

Question 11

A mental or physical impairment that affects at least one of an individual’s daily activities

Answer 11

Disability

Question 12

Discriminations that individuals with disabilities often face

Answer 12

Ableism

Question 13

Shared characteristics of culture, religion, and language, to name a few, with which a group may identify

Answer 13

Ethnicity

Question 14

One’s nation of origin; common component of ethnicity

Answer 14

Nationality

Question 15

Focuses on the universal qualities common to all cultures and on aspects of counseling that are generalizable across cultures; limitation is the failure to account for legitimate cultural variations

Answer 15

Etic perspective

Question 16

Involves viewing each client as an individual and evaluating the client by using norms from within the client’s culture; recommended by the majority of multicultural counseling literature

Answer 16

Emic perspective

Question 17

The biological distinctions between males and females

Answer 17

Sex

Question 18

The expression of social categories that describe behaviors deemed appropriate by a particular culture for males and females

Answer 18

Gender

Question 19

Social categories related to gender

Answer 19

Gender roles

Question 20

Normative expressions of stereotypical and socially accepted behaviors for males

Answer 20

Masculinity

Question 21

Normative expressions of stereotypical and social accepted behaviors for females

Answer 21

Femininity

Question 22

The blending of masculinity and femininity

Answer 22

Androgyny

Question 23

Clusters of particular age groups within a particular social and historical context

Answer 23

Generational status

Question 24

The notion that our behaviors and attitudes are guided by incentives that promote self-determination or independence

Answer 24

Individualism

Question 25

The idea that decisions, and thus what is deemed important, are based on the betterment of others; values might include cooperation, “saving face,” and interdependence

Answer 25

Collectivism

Question 26

The often unconscious and unearned power, access to resources, advantage, and social position based on cultural group memberships

Answer 26

Privilege

Question 27

Lack of power, inaccessibility of resources, disadvantage, and minority social status

Answer 27

Oppression

Question 28

Arbitrary, socially constructed classification of individuals; often based on physical distinction such as skin color, hair texture, facial form, and shape of the eye

Answer 28

Race/racial group membership

Question 29

Sexual or affectional attraction to the same or opposite gender

Answer 29

Sexual orientation

Question 30

The degree of identification with a particular sexual orientation

Answer 30

Sexual identity

Question 31

The promotion of an idea, policy, or cause that betters the lives of those who experience oppression

Answer 31

Social advocacy

Question 32

The realization of a just and equitable world for all individuals

Answer 32

Social justice

Question 33

Typically indicated by household income, education level, occupational status, use of public assistance, and access to health care

Answer 33

Socioeconomic status (SES)

Question 34

The connections individuals have with themselves and the universe as a whole; provides direction, meaning, and purpose, and guides other aspects of cultural identity so that individuals can promote optimal mental functioning

Answer 34

Spirituality

Question 35

An organizing construct of spirituality; consists of the behaviors and practices of individuals’ faith

Answer 35

Religion

Question 36

Individuals’ conceptualization of his or her relationship with the world

Answer 36

Worldview

Question 37

The system that individuals believe is accountable for things that happen to them

Answer 37

Locus of responsibility

Question 38

Represents the degree of control that individuals perceive they have over their environment

Answer 38

Locus of control

Question 39

One way to deepen the level of understanding shared by a counselor and client; rich in cultural meaning and may be related to religious teachings or cultural values

Answer 39

Metaphors

Question 40

Use of personal physical distance

Answer 40

Proxemics

Question 41

Body movements, positions, and postures

Answer 41

Kinesics

Question 42

Verbal cues other than words

Answer 42

Paralanguage

Question 43

The premature holding of a belief or attitude without appropriate examination or consideration of actual data

Answer 43

Prejudice

Question 44

Covert and overt behaviors based on prejudices held about individuals because of their cultural group memberships

Answer 44

Discrimination

Question 45

Process by which foreign-born individuals settle in a new country

Answer 45

Immigration

Question 46

A process in which individuals identify with both their own culture and that of the host culture

Answer 46

Biculturalism