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Microbiology > Chapter 1: The History & Scope of Microbiology > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The History & Scope of Microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Microorganisms

A

single-cells, small; not seen with the naked eye

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2
Q

Biofilm

A

usually stained; communities of microbes that come together and support each other (resistant to antibiotics)

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3
Q

Molecular Systematics

A

has aided in characterization; isolating DNA and comparing the 16S rRNA genes
- domain systems, eukaryotes, bacteria, archaea

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

Characteristics:
defined nucleus
linear DNA
membrane bound organelles

Examples:
protozoa
algae
fungi
plants
animals

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5
Q

Prokaryotes

A

Characteristics:
no defined nucleus
no membrane bound organelles
cytoskeletal DNA

Examples:
bacteria
archaea

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6
Q

Organisms & Biological Entities Studied by Microbiologists Can Be…

A

cellular or acellular

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7
Q

Cellular Includes

A

fungi, protists, bacteria & archaea

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8
Q

Acellular Includes

A

viruses, viroids, virusoids & prions

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9
Q

Fungi Examples

A

yeasts & molds

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10
Q

Protists Examples

A

algae, protozoa & slime molds

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11
Q

Bacteria Example

A

Escherichia coli

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12
Q

Archaea Example

A

methanogens

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13
Q

Viruses Are Composed Of

A

ONLY protein & nucleic acid
(don’t host & don’t undergo change)

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14
Q

Viroids Are Composed Of

A

RNA

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15
Q

Virusoids Are Composed Of

A

RNA

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16
Q

Prions Are Composed Of

A

Protein

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17
Q

In 1665, Hooke Published What?

A

Micrographia

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18
Q

Between 1674 & 1676, Leeuwenhoek Discovered What?

A

animacules: small animals

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19
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

A
  • first person to observe & describe microorganisms accurately
  • microscope: 50-300x
  • observed bacteria/protozoa
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20
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

living organisms can develop from nonliving or decomposing matter

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21
Q

Francisco Redi (1626-1697)

A
  • disproved spontaneous generation for large animals
  • believed maggots on decaying matter came about from fly eggs
  • believed you needed something living to have life
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22
Q

John Needham (1713-1781)

A

Experiment: mutton broth in flasks (boiled then sealed)

Results: broth became cloudy and contained microorganisms

“Vital Force”

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23
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)

A

Experiment: mutton broth in flasks (sealed then boiled)

Results: no growth of any microorganisms

Conclusion: air carries germs

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24
Q

Difference Between Needham & Spallanzani Spontaneous Generation Experiments & Why?

Study These Flashcards
A

Needham- created organisms
Spallanzani- no organisms

Why?
sealing before boiling the flask killed any germs inside the flask, no chance for any spontaneous generation

To Create Microorganisms:
flask must be boiled and then sealed to trap air in with broth for there to be spontaneous generation

25
Air ______ Life & Heating ______ Ability
supports destroys
26
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
Experiments: - nutrients solution in flasks with curved necks (no dust allowed in) - boiled; flasks exposed to air
27
John Tyndall (1820-1893)
- dust carries microorganisms - no dust, broths remained sterile (even if directly exposed to air) - also evidence for exceptionally heat-resistant forms of bacteria
28
Role of Microorganisms in Disease
- not immediately obvious - establishing connection: development of techniques for studying microbes - led to immunology
29
Immunology
study of host defenses
30
Disease of Silkworms was Caused by a Fungus
Agostini Bassi (1773-1856)
31
Great Potato Blight of Ireland Caused by a Fungus
M.J. Berkeley (ca. 1845)
32
Smut & Rust Fungi- Cereal Crop Diseases
Heinrich de Bary (1853)
33
Silkworm Disease Caused by a Protozoan
Louis Pasteur
34
Joseph Lister (1827-1912)
- indirect evidence for microbial cause of disease - antiseptic surgical techniques - heat sterilization: phenol - prevent microorganisms- wounds - fewer postoperative infections
35
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
established relationship between Bacillus anthracis & anthrax - used criteria developed by Jacob Henle (1809-1895) - injected healthy with material from sick - sick spleen into culture - spores into healthy mice (healthy mouse would get sick) KOCH'S POSTULATES
36
Koch's Postulates
necessary to prove a causal relationship between microorganism & disease 1. the microorganism must be present in every case of the disease but absent from healthy individuals 2. the suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture 3. the same disease must result when the isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host 4. the same microorganism must be isolated again from the diseased host
37
Pure Culture
a culture with no other microorganisms (grows only species of microorganism)
38
Of Koch's Postulates, Which One of the Criteria may not be able to be Applied, Despite a Causative Relationship? (multiple examples)
- may have a host that is not susceptible to said disease - pure culture of the virus can't be grown outside of the host - mutations could happen when placed into new host - conditions in culture may inhibit growth - opportunistic pathogens- can compromise underlying conditions (doesn't effect the majority of the population)
39
Koch's Work Led to Discovery or Development of...
- agar (gelatin in fish) - petri dish - nutrient broth and nutrient agar - methods for isolating microorganisms - increased understanding of pathogens (immunological studies)
40
Edward Jenner (~1798)
- vaccination procedure to protect individuals from smallpox (injecting small amounts into body will increase resistance - NOTE: preceded work establishing role of microorganisms in disease (once you had small-pox, you couldn't get it again)
41
Pasteur & Roux
- incubation of cultures for long intervals - pathogens lost ability to cause disease - "attenuated": reduced effectiveness, lost ability to cause disease - transfer into healthy host: no illness - protection against infection
42
Pasteur & Coworkers
- vaccines for chicken cholera, anthrax, & rabies - Institut Pasteur (Paris)
43
Emil von Behring (1857-1917) & Shibasaburo Kitasato (1852-1931)
- inactivated diphtheria toxin into rabbits - produced transferable "antitoxin" - developed antitoxins for diphtheria & tetanus - evidence for immunity from "soluble substances" in blood - humoral immunity
44
Elie Metchnikoff (1845-1916)
- discovered bacteria-engulfing, phagocytic cells in the blood - evidence for cellular immunity
45
Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953) & Martinus Beijerinck (1851-1931)
- pioneered used of enrichment cultures, selective media - also studied soil microorganisms - discovered numerous interesting metabolic processes - e.g. N2 fixation, CO2 fixation - relationships among microorganisms
46
Importance of Microorganisms
- first living organisms on the planet - live everywhere life is possible - more numerous than any other kind of organisms - global ecosystem depends on their activities - influence human society in many ways (both a basic & applied science)
47
Study of Basic Biology of Microorganisms
microbial morphology, physiology, genetics, ecology etc.
48
Understanding Microorganisms has Improved the Understanding of...
other organisms - gene expression, metabolic pathways etc.
49
Example of Microbio as Applied Science: Medical Microbiology
- identify causative pathogen - e.g West Nile Virus
50
Example of Microbio as Applied Science: Immunology
response of host to pathogen
51
Example of Microbio as Applied Science: Food & Dairy Microbiology
spoilage of food; transmission of disease
52
Example of Microbio as Applied Science: Public Health Microbiology
control spread of disease
53
Example of Microbio as Applied Science: Industrial Microbiology
use of microorganisms to produce things
54
Example of Microbio as Applied Science: Agricultural Microbiology
impact of microorganisms on agriculture
55
Challenges of Microbiology: Infectious Disease
- new and old - spread - infectious agents and chronic disease
56
Challenges of Microbiology: New & Improved Industrial Processes
degradation of pollutants
57
Challenges of Microbiology: Microbial Diversity & Microbial Ecology
less than 1% of earth's microbial population has been cultured
58
Challenges of Microbiology: Biofilms
interactions
59
Challenges of Microbiology: Others
- genome analysis - microbes as model systems - assessment of implications of new discoveries and technologies

Microbiology (2 decks)

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