Chapter 1: The Human Body : An orientation Flashcards
(134 cards)
1
Q
anatomy
A
Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another. Body structures can be seen, felt, and examined closely. You don’t need to imagine what they look like.
2
Q
physiology
A
Physiology concerns the function of the body, in other
words, how the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
3
Q
what is the relationship between anatomy and physiology
A
physiology is explainable only in terms of the underlying anatomy
4
Q
gross anatomy
A
Gross, or macroscopic, anatomy is the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye, such as the heart, lungs, and kidneys.
5
Q
why does the term ‘anatomy’ relate more closely to gross anatomy
A
the term anatomy comes from greek and it means to cut apart, so it closely relates more to gross anatomy because in such studies preserved animals or their organs are dissected (cut up) to be examined.
6
Q
regional anatomy
A
in regional anatomy, all structures in a particular region are examined at the same time
7
Q
systematic anatomy
A
in systematic anatomy, body structures are studied system by system. e.g. if you are studying the cardiovascular system you would examine the heart and the blood vessels of the entire body.
8
Q
surface anatomy
A
surface anatomy is the study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin surface.
9
Q
microscopic anatomy
A
microscopic anatomy deals with structures that are too small to be seen with the naked eye. for most microscopic structures, exceedingly thin slices of body tissues are stained and mounted on glass slides to be examined under the microscope.
10
Q
what are the subdivisions of microscopic anatomy
A
cytology; considers the cells of the body
histology: the study of tissues
11
Q
developmental anatomy
A
developmental anatomy traces the structural changes that occur throughout a life span
12
Q
embryology
A
it is a subdivision of developmental anatomy, it concerns the developmental changes before birth
13
Q
Relationship between Anatomy and Physiology
A
They are always related.
Structure determines what functions can take place.
14
Q
what is the principle of complementarity of structure and function
A
anatomy and physiology are inseparable. they complement each other; complete one another. what a structure can do depends on its specific form
15
Q
Name the different levels of structural organization that make up the human body
A
atoms - molecules - organelles - cells - tissues - organs - organ system - organism
16
Q
what are tissues
A
Tissues are groups of similar cells that have a cornrnon function.
17
Q
briefly, what is the function of the 4 types of tissue
A
epithelial tissue: covers the body surface and its cavities
muscle tissue: provides movement
connective tissue: supports and protects body organs
nervous tissue: provides a means of rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses.
18
Q
organ
A
an organ is a structure that is composed of at least two or more types of tissue and they perform a specific function for the body. organs are responsible for specific body functions that no other organ can perform.
19
Q
what is the highest level of structural organization
A
organism
20
Q
name the 11 body systems
A
- cardiovascular system
- nervous system
- skeletal system
- muscular system
- endocrine system
- integumentary system
- lymphatic system/immunity
- digestive system
- reproductive system
- respiratory system
- urinary system
21
Q
name the components of the integumentary system and list its functions
A
it is the external covering of the body, the skin.
- Functions:
it waterproofs the body, cushions and protects the deeper tissues from injuries.
- Excretes salts and urea in perspiration
- Helps regulate body temperature
- Temperature, pressure, and pain receptors located in the skin alert us to what is
happening at the body surface
22
Q
The larynx is an organ of the __________ system
A
respiratory
23
Q
The system that functions in the storage of minerals, such as calcium, is called the __________ system
A
skeletal
24
Q
The breakdown of ingested foods into simple molecules that can then be absorbed into the bloodstream is termed __________
A
digestion
25
__________ refers to all of the chemical reactions in the body.
metabolism
26
The ability to sense changes and react to them is termed __________ or __________.
irritability; responsiveness
27
The component of a control system that provides the means for the control center's response (output) is called the __________.
effector
28
A control mechanism that responds to a stimulus by decreasing its intensity is called a __________ mechanism.
negative feedback
29
The body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions is referred to as __________.
homeostasis
30
The navel is __________ to the spine.
ventral or anterior
31
The armpit area is called the __________ region.
axillary
32
A cut that is made along the midline is called a __________ section. Answer: midsagittal or median
midsagittal or midline
33
The central region of the thoracic cavity containing the heart is called the __________
mediastinum
34
The right and left iliac (inguinal) regions are lateral to the __________ region.
hypogastric
35
The cranial and spinal cavities are subdivisions of the __________ cavity.
dorsal
36
The __________ system is composed of kidneys, bladder, ureters, and urethra.
the urinary/excretory system
37
Blood is categorized as a __________ because it is compared of similar cells with a common function.
tissue
38
Ventral is a directional term synonymous with __________ in humans.
anterior
39
The three medial regions of the abdominopelvic cavity are __________, __________, and __________.
epigastric region, umbilical region, hypogastric region
40
The function of the __________ system is to control body activities via hormones.
endocrine
41
__________ is the process of breaking down ingested food in preparation for absorption.
digestion
42
Blood clotting and the birth of a baby are examples of the __________ feedback mechanism.
positive
43
The patellar region is __________ to the popliteal region.
ventral or anterior
44
The abdominal cavity has __________ quadrants and __________ regions.
4 and 9
45
The thoracic cavity is __________ to the abdominopelvic cavity.
superior
46
The epigastric region is __________ to the right hypochondriac region of the abdominopelvic cavity.
medial
47
1) The study of the function of the body and body parts is called: A) anatomy
B) physiology
C) homeostasis
D) negative feedback E) irritability
B
48
2) Which of the following activities does not represent an anatomical study: A) making a section through the heart to observe its interior
B) examining the surface of a bone
C) viewing muscle tissue through a microscope
D) studying how the nerves conduct electrical impulses E) observing the parts of a reproducing cell
D
49
3) Which of the following is the correct sequence, going from simplest to most complex, in the levels of structural organization of the human body:
A) chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level
B) chemical level, tissue level, cellular level, organ system level, organ level, organismal level
C) cellular level, chemical level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level
D) cellular level, tissue level, chemical level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level
E) cellular level, chemical level, tissue level, organ system level, organismal level, organ level
A
50
4) Which of these structures is the most complex:
A) an organ
B) a tissue
C) a molecule
D) organ system
E) a cell
D
51
5) The lymphatic system:
A) responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and
glands
B) picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood
C) synthesizes vitamin D
D) produces heat
E) secretes hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction, and nutrient
use (metabolism) by body cells
B
52
6) The system that takes in oxygen and releases carbon dioxide to the exterior is the:
A) respiratory system
B) cardiovascular system C) reproductive system D) muscular system
E) urinary system
A
53
7) The system that controls and coordinates the body through hormones is the: A) integumentary system
B) skeletal system C) nervous system D) endocrine system E) digestive system
D
54
8) The muscular system consists of the: A) skeletal muscles
B) muscles of the heart
C) muscles in the walls of hollow organs
D) skeletal muscles and the muscles of the heart
E) muscles of the heart and those in the walls of the hollow organs
A
55
9) The ovary is part of which of the following two systems: A) digestive and endocrine systems
B) digestive and respiratory systems
C) reproductive and endocrine systems D) reproductive and respiratory systems E) endocrine and respiratory systems
C
56
10) Which system covers the external surface of the body and manufactures vitamin D: A) endocrine system
B) integumentary system C) nervous system
D) lymphatic system
E) skeletal system
B
57
11) Elimination of metabolic wastes from the body is the function of the: A) digestive system
B) urinary system
C) respiratory system
D) digestive and urinary systems
E) digestive and respiratory systems
B
58
12) Which of the following is NOT a necessary life function: A) maintaining boundaries
B) movement
C) responsiveness D) nutrients
E) metabolism
D
59
13) Which of the following systems is matched most accurately to the life function it provides: A) integumentary system - movement
B) nervous system - excretion
C) muscular system - maintaining boundaries D) nervous system - responsiveness
E) respiratory system - digestion
D
60
14) Which of these is NOT a survival need: A) nutrients
B) oxygen
C) water
D) reproduction
E) body temperature
D
61
15) Which of the following is the correct order of elements in a control system:
A) receptor, stimulus, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector,
response
B) receptor, stimulus, efferent pathway, control center, afferent pathway, effector,
response
C) effector, stimulus, efferent pathway, control center, afferent pathway, receptor,
response
D) stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, control center, efferent pathway, effector,
response
E) stimulus, receptor, efferent pathway, control center, afferent pathway, effector,
response
D
62
16) Which of the following elements of a control system detects a change: A) control center
B) stimulus
C) effector
D) receptor
E) efferent pathway
D
63
17) Positive feedback systems:
A) regulate heart and breathing rates
B) operate in such a way that the initial stimulus is enhanced and increases
C) operate in such a way that the initial stimulus is shut off or reduced
D) regulate heart and breathing rates, and operate in such a way that the initial stimulus is
enhanced and increases
E) regulate heart and breathing rates, and operate in such a way that the initial stimulus is
shut off or reduced
B
64
18) Your body thermostat is located in a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. Which of the following elements of a control system does this area in the brain represent:
A) control center B) stimulus
C) effector
D) efferent pathway E) afferent pathway
A
65
19) In anatomical position:
A) the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms
facing backward
B) the body is erect with the feet parallel and the arms hanging at the sides with the palms
facing forward
C) the body is lying face up with the feet parallel and the arms at the sides with the palms
facing backward
D) the body is lying face down with the feet parallel and the arms at the sides with the
palms facing backward
E) the body is lying face up with the feet parallel and the arms at the sides with the palms
facing forward
B
66
20) Which of the following orientation and directional terms have the same meaning (in humans):
A) superior and caudal B) inferior and cranial C) inferior and cephalad
D) anterior and ventral E) anterior and dorsal
D
67
21) Which of the following orientation terms have opposite meanings (in humans): A) superficial and proximal
B) distal and proximal
C) medial and distal
D) medial and anterior
E) posterior and intermediate
B
68
22) Which of the following regional terms means the anterior surface of the elbow: A) calcaneal region
B) scapular region C) gluteal region
D) vertebral region E) antecubital region
E
69
23) Sarah fell while ice skating and broke a bone in her carpal region. Where is this region? A) hip
B) lower leg C) wrist
D) shoulder E) knee
C
70
24) In describing the relationship between the patellar and popliteal regions: A) the patellar region is superior to the popliteal region
B) the patellar region is proximal to the popliteal region C) the patellar region is distal to the popliteal region
D) the patellar region is lateral to the popliteal region
E) the patellar region is anterior to the popliteal region
E
71
25) In describing the relationship of the thoracic and spinal cavities:
A) the thoracic cavity is superior to the spinal cavity
B) the thoracic cavity is inferior to the spinal cavity C) the thoracic cavity is proximal to the spinal cavity D) the thoracic cavity is medial to the spinal cavity E) the thoracic cavity is ventral to the spinal cavity
E
72
26) The lungs and heart are in the __________ body cavity. A) dorsal
B) spinal
C) thoracic
D) cranial
E) abdominopelvic
C
73
27) The gluteal region is the: A) buttock
B) shoulder blade region
C) posterior knee area
D) posterior surface of the head E) curve of the shoulder
A
74
28) The region that contains the navel is the: A) carpal region
B) umbilical region C) inguinal region D) orbital region
E) anterior knee
B
75
29) The dorsal body cavity houses the:
A) urinary and reproductive organs
B) heart and lungs
C) digestive and reproductive organs D) tongue
E) spinal cord and brain
E
76
30) Which of these regions are associated with the parts of the arm: A) femoral, popliteal, patellar
B) brachial, antecubital, carpal C) nasal, oral, occipital
D) acromial, sacral, gluteal
E) pelvic, pubic, inguinal
B
77
31) Which of these regions are NOT associated with the ventral (anterior) portion of the head: A) buccal
B) oral
C) orbital D) occiptal E) nasal
D
78
32) A section that divides the body on the longitudinal plane into equal right and left parts is called:
A) median (midsagittal) B) frontal
C) transverse
D) oblique E) coronal
A
79
33) Which type of section could be used to separate the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity:
A) coronal B) sagittal C) dorsal
D) ventral
E) transverse
E
80
34) Which ventral cavity subdivision has no bony protection: A) thoracic
B) pelvic
C) abdominal D) cranial
E) spinal
C
81
35) Which of these regions in the abdominopelvic cavity are medial: A) umbilical, right lumbar, and left lumbar regions
B) epigastric, umbilical, and hypogastric regions
C) iliac (inguinal), lumbar, and hypogastric regions
D) epigastric, right, and left hypochondriac regions
E) right and left iliac (inguinal), and hypogastric regions
B
82
36) The stomach, liver, intestines, bladder, rectum, and reproductive organs are housed in the: A) cranial cavity
B) spinal cavity
C) dorsal cavity
D) abdominopelvic cavity E) thoracic cavity
D
83
37) The ribs are located in the:
A) right and left iliac regions
B) right and left lumbar regions
C) right and left pubic regions
D) right and left hypochondriac regions E) right and left inguinal regions
D
84
38) Which of the following statements is correct regarding the location of the spleen and stomach:
A) both of these organs are located in the left upper quadrant
B) both of these organs are located in the right upper quadrant
C) the spleen is located in the left upper quadrant and the stomach is located in the right
upper quadrant
D) the spleen is located in the right upper quadrant and the stomach is located in the left
upper quadrant
E) both of these organs are located medially
A
85
The highest level of structural organization in humans is the organ level.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
86
The endocrine system is the fast-acting body control system.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
87
The lymphatic system collects fluids leaked by the cardiovascular system and returns them to the bloodstream.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
88
Excretion is the process of removing wastes from the body.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
89
Most homeostatic control mechanisms are negative feedback reactions. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
90
As body temperature drops below normal, chemical reactions proceed too rapidly and body proteins begin to break down.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
91
The sacral region is on the ventral (anterior) body surface.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
92
The heel of the foot constitutes the plantar region.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
93
Proximal means farther from the origin of a body part.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
94
The hypogastric region is directly superior to the umbilical region.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
95
The thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominopelvic cavity by the diaphragm.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
96
The spinal cavity is part of the ventral body cavity.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
97
The dorsal body cavity is subdivided into four quadrants and nine regions.
TRUE OR FALSE
FALSE
98
There is no physical structure that separates the abdominal cavity from the pelvic cavity.
TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
99
INFERIOR
BELOW
100
DORSAL
BEHIND
101
LATERAL
TOWARD THE SIDE
102
DEEP
AWAY FROM BODY SURFACE
103
DISTAL
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
104
MEDIAL
TOWARD THE MID LINE
105
SUPERIOR
ABOVE
106
PROXIMAL
close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
107
VENTRAL
IN FRONT OF
108
AXILLARY
ARMPIT
109
TARSAL
ANKLE
110
COXAL
HIP
111
ORBITAL
EYE AREA
112
INGUINAL
AREA WHERE THIGH MEETS BODY TRUNK
113
UMBILICAL
NAVEL
114
ORAL
MOUTH
115
FEMORAL
THIGH
116
PATELLAR
ANTERIOR KNEE
117
POPLITEAL
POSTERIOR KNEE AREA
118
SLOW ACTING BODY CONTROL SYSTEM
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
119
HOUSES BODY CELLS INVOLVED IN IMMUNITY
LYMPHATIC
120
SITE OF HEMATOPOIESIS
SKELETAL SYSTEM
121
REGULATION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES
URINARY SYSTEM
122
HEAT PRODUCTION
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
123
RESPONDS TO EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL STIMULI
NERVOUS SYSTEM
124
Distinguish between anatomy and physiology.
Anatomy is the study of the structure and shape of the body and body parts, and their
relationships to one another. Physiology is the study of how the body and its parts
work or function.
125
List, and briefly define, the human body's organization levels from smallest to largest.
1. chemical level:
a. atoms are the basic building blocks of matter
b. molecules are units formed by atoms combining
2. cellular level: cells are the smallest living unit in living organisms
3. tissue level: tissues are groupings of cells performing a common function
4. organ level: an organ is a structure consisting of two or more tissue types
5. organ system level: an organ system describes a group of organs functioning cooperatively for a common purpose
6. organism level: a human organism consists of all of the organ systems of the body working together to promote healthy functioning
(homeostasis)
126
List and explain the eight necessary human life functions.
1. Maintenance of boundaries—keeps the internal environment distinct from the
external environment; membranes perform this function at the cellular level and skin performs this function for the organism.
2. Movement—includes a change in the position of the body or the propelling of a substance (such as blood, urine, or food) through the body organs; constitutes a major role of the muscular system.
3. Responsiveness (irritability)—the ability to react to stimuli; constitutes a major role of the nervous system.
4. Metabolism—includes all the chemical reactions that occur within the body's cells. 5. Excretion—elimination of carbon dioxide by the lungs and nitrogenous wastes by the kidneys.
6. Digestion—the process of breaking down ingested foodstuffs into simpler molecules that can then be absorbed into the blood for delivery to the body's cells. 7. Growth—an increase in size, which is usually accompanied by an increase in the number of cells.
8. Reproduction—the production of new cells for growth and repair, and also the production of offspring.
127
List and explain the five survival needs of humans.
1. Nutrients—include carbohydrates, proteins, and fats, which are taken in via the
diet for energy and cell building.
2. Oxygen—required to release energy from food.
3. Water—accounts for over 60% of the body weight, and provides the basis for various body fluids.
4. Appropriate body temperature—when too high or too low, physiological activities cease, primarily because molecules are destroyed or become nonfunctional.
5. Appropriate atmospheric pressure—the force exerted on the surface of the body by the weight of air; is essential for normal operation of the respiratory system and breathing.
128
List and explain the three major body planes and sections.
1. Sagittal—cut is made along the longitudinal (lengthwise) plane of the body (or an
organ), dividing it into right and left parts.
2. Frontal (coronal)—cut is made along the longitudinal (lengthwise) plane of the body (or an organ), dividing it into anterior and posterior parts.
3. Transverse (cross-section)—cut is made along the transverse (horizontal) plane, dividing the body into superior and inferior parts.
129
Identify the two dorsal body cavities, and state their locations and the organs contained therein.
1. Cranial cavity—the superior posterior space inside the bony skull that houses the brain.
2. Spinal cavity—the inferior posterior space inside the bony vertebral column that
houses the spinal cord.
130
List the four quadrants and nine regions of the abdominopelvic cavity. Explain why this cavity has these subdivisions.
The four quadrants are:
a. right upper quadrant
b. right lower quadrant
c. left upper quadrant
d. right lower quadrant
2. The nine regions are:
a. epigastric region
b. umbilical region
c. hypogastric region
d. right hypochondriac region
e. left hypochondriac region
f. right lumbar region
g. left lumbar region
h. right iliac region
i. left iliac region
This cavity has been subdivided into these quadrants and regions because it is large
and has many organs.
131
Explain how scratching an itch is an example of the negative feedback mechanism.
1. Stimulus or input is the itch.
2. A receptor carries the information about the stimulus (itch) to the brain via an afferent pathway.
3. Control center (brain) analyzes this information an turns on an effector which will cancel the stimulus.
4. Information reaches the effector via the efferent pathway from the brain. Muscles move the hand to scratch the itch.
5. Scratching continues until the itch goes away. The brain shuts off the effector once homeostatis is restored.
132
Explain the difference between homeostatis and metabolism.
Homeostasis is the body's attempt to maintain balance during which time internal conditions may vary. Metabolism is all chemical reactions that occur in the body.
133
Describe anatomical position. Explain why anatomical position is used.
Anatomical position is defined as standing erect, feet parallel to the arms, palms facing forward. Anatomical position is used because it is a standard position; it also helps us to avoid confusion. Additionally, anatomical position is a reference point that helps us accurately describe body parts and position.
134
Describe the role of the effector in the negative feedback system.
The effector is the control center's output and response to the stimulus. The effector's job is to cancel or shut off the control mechanism.
