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anatomy & physiology (NURSE-UN 70 001) > chapter 1: the human body, an orientation > Flashcards

chapter 1: the human body, an orientation Flashcards

1
Q

structural organization

A

anatomy

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2
Q

examination of relatively large structures & features usually visible with the unaided eye

A

gross anatomy (macroscopic)

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3
Q

structures that can’t be seen without magnification

A

microscopic anatomy

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4
Q

the how of the body & how it works

A

physiology

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5
Q

does structure determine function or function determine structure?

A

structure determines what functions can take place

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6
Q

necessary life functions

A
  1. maintaining boundaries
  2. movement
  3. responsiveness (irritability)
  4. digestion
  5. metabolism
  6. excretion
  7. reproduction
  8. growth
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7
Q

boundaries separate the “inside” from the “outside”

A

maintaining boundaries

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8
Q

locomotion, movement of substances

A

movement

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9
Q

ability to sense changes & react

A

responsiveness (irritability)

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10
Q

breakdown & adsorption of nutrients

A

digestion

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11
Q

chemical reactions within the body
a. breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones
b. builds larger molecules from smaller ones
c. produces energy (ATP)
d. regulated by hormones

A

metabolism

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12
Q

eliminates excreta (waste) from metabolic reactions
- wastes may be removed in urine, feces, or sweat

A

excretion

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13
Q

new cells are used for growth & repair

A

cellular reproduction

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14
Q

handled by the reproductive system

A

organismal reproduction

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15
Q

increases cell size or body size through increasing the number of cells, hormones play a major role

A

growth

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16
Q

survival needs

A
  1. nutrients
  2. oxygen
  3. water
  4. stable body temperature
  5. atmospheric pressure
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17
Q

chemicals for energy & cell building
- includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, & minerals

A

nutrients

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18
Q

required for chemical reactions

A

oxygen

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19
Q

60 to 80% of body weight, most abundant chemical in the human body, provides for metabolic reactions

A

water

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20
Q

stable body temperature

A

37 º C or 98 º F

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21
Q

must be appropriate for gas exchange

A

atmospheric pressure

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22
Q

levels of structural organization

A
  1. chemical
  2. cellular
  3. tissue
  4. organ
  5. organ system
  6. organismal
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23
Q

atoms combine to form molecules

A

chemical level

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24
Q

cells are made up of molecules

A

cellular level

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25
Q

tissues consist of similar types of cells

A

tissue level

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26
Q

organs are made up of different types of tissues

A

organ level

27
Q

organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

A

organ system level

28
Q

human organisms are made up of many organ systems

A

organismal level

29
Q

anatomical position

A

body erect, arms hanging at sides, palms facing anterior, feet parallel & together

30
Q

toward the head or upper part of the body, above

A

superior

31
Q

away from the head or toward the lower part of the body, below

A

inferior

32
Q

toward or at the front of the body, in front of

A

anterior

33
Q

toward or at the back side of the body, behind

A

posterior

34
Q

toward or at the midline of the body

A

medial

35
Q

away from the midline or on the outer side of the body

A

lateral

36
Q

between a medial and lateral structure

A

intermediate

37
Q

close to the point of attachment to the body

A

proximal

38
Q

farther away from the point of attachment to the body

A

distal

39
Q

dorsal body cavity

A

cranial & spinal cavity

40
Q

houses the brain

A

cranial cavity

41
Q

houses the spinal cord

A

spinal cavity

42
Q

ventral body cavity

A

thoracic & abdominopelvic cavity

43
Q

houses heart, lungs, & others

A

thoracic cavity

44
Q

houses digestive system & most urinary system organs

A

abdominopelvic cavity

45
Q

maintenance of a stable internal environment
a. a dynamic state of equilibrium
b. necessary for normal body functioning & to sustain life
c. built in feedback systems

A

homeostasis

46
Q

a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in an imbalance or disease

A

homeostatic imbalance

47
Q
  1. includes most homeostatic control mechanisms
  2. shuts off original stimulus or reduces its intensity
  3. works like a household thermostat
A

negative feedback

48
Q
  1. increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther
  2. in the body, this occurs in blood clotting & during the birth of a baby
A

positive feedback

49
Q

elements of a homeostatic control center

A

receptor, control center, effector

50
Q

detects change in stimulus

A

receptor

51
Q

information is sent along afferent pathway from the receptor & out the efferent pathway to the effector

A

control center

52
Q

reduces the effect of stimulus & returns stimulus back to homeostatic level

A

effector

53
Q
  1. forms the external body covering (skin) and includes hair and fingernails
  2. waterproofs the body
  3. cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury
  4. produces vitamin D with the help of sunlight
  5. excretes salt in perspiration
  6. helps regulate body temperature
  7. location of cutaneous nerve receptors
A

integumentary system

54
Q
  1. consists of bones, ligaments, cartilages, & joints
  2. provides muscle attachment for movement
  3. protects vital organs
  4. site of blood cell formation
  5. stores minerals
A

skeletal system

55
Q

skeletal muscles contract (shorten) & produces movement of bones

A

muscular system

56
Q
  1. fast acting control system
  2. consist of brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory receptors
  3. responds to external & internal stimuli
  4. sensory receptors detect changes
  5. messages sent to central nervous system which access information & activates effectors (muscles & glands)
A

nervous system

57
Q
  1. secretes chemical molecules (hormones) into the blood
  2. body functions controlled by hormones are growth, reproduction, & use of nutrients
  3. glands include pituitary gland, thyroid & parathyroids, adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, pineal gland, ovaries (females) / testes (males)
A

endocrine system

58
Q
  1. includes heart and blood vessels
    a. heart pumps blood and vessels
    transport blood to tissues
  2. blood transports oxygen & CO2, nutrients, & hormones
  3. blood contains white blood cells and chemicals that provide protection from foreign invaders
A

cardiovascular system

59
Q
  1. lymphatic vessels, lymphatic nodes, & lymphoid organs
  2. complements cardiovascular system by returning fluids back to bloodstream
  3. lymph nodes & other lymphoid organs cleanse the blood
  4. houses white blood cells
A

lymphatic system

60
Q
  1. nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs
  2. gases are exchanged with the blood through air sacs in the lungs
    a. supplied body with oxygen
    b. removes CO2
A

respiratory sysetem

61
Q
  1. oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, small & large intestines, rectum, & accessory organs
  2. breaks down food
  3. allows for nutrient adsorption into blood
  4. eliminates indigestible material as feces
A

digestive system

62
Q
  1. kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
  2. eliminate nitrogenous waste
  3. maintain acid-base balance
  4. regulate water & electrolyte balance
  5. help regulate normal blood pressure
A

urinary system

63
Q
  1. ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, & vagina
  2. ovaries produce eggs & uterus provides site of development for fetus
A

female reproductive system

64
Q
  1. testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands. & duct system
  2. testes produce sperm & duct system carries sperm to exterior
A

male reproductive system

anatomy & physiology (NURSE-UN 70 001) (2 decks)

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