chapter 1: the human body, an orientation

Question 1

structural organization

Answer 1

anatomy

Question 2

examination of relatively large structures & features usually visible with the unaided eye

Answer 2

gross anatomy (macroscopic)

Question 3

structures that can’t be seen without magnification

Answer 3

microscopic anatomy

Question 4

the how of the body & how it works

Answer 4

physiology

Question 5

does structure determine function or function determine structure?

Answer 5

structure determines what functions can take place

Question 6

necessary life functions

Answer 6

1. maintaining boundaries
2. movement
3. responsiveness (irritability)
4. digestion
5. metabolism
6. excretion
7. reproduction
8. growth

Question 7

boundaries separate the “inside” from the “outside”

Answer 7

maintaining boundaries

Question 8

locomotion, movement of substances

Answer 8

movement

Question 9

ability to sense changes & react

Answer 9

responsiveness (irritability)

Question 10

breakdown & adsorption of nutrients

Answer 10

digestion

Question 11

chemical reactions within the body
a. breaks down complex molecules into smaller ones
b. builds larger molecules from smaller ones
c. produces energy (ATP)
d. regulated by hormones

Answer 11

metabolism

Question 12

eliminates excreta (waste) from metabolic reactions
- wastes may be removed in urine, feces, or sweat

Answer 12

excretion

Question 13

new cells are used for growth & repair

Answer 13

cellular reproduction

Question 14

handled by the reproductive system

Answer 14

organismal reproduction

Question 15

increases cell size or body size through increasing the number of cells, hormones play a major role

Answer 15

growth

Question 16

survival needs

Answer 16

1. nutrients
2. oxygen
3. water
4. stable body temperature
5. atmospheric pressure

Question 17

chemicals for energy & cell building
- includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, & minerals

Answer 17

nutrients

Question 18

required for chemical reactions

Answer 18

oxygen

Question 19

60 to 80% of body weight, most abundant chemical in the human body, provides for metabolic reactions

Answer 19

water

Question 20

stable body temperature

Answer 20

37 º C or 98 º F

Question 21

must be appropriate for gas exchange

Answer 21

atmospheric pressure

Question 22

levels of structural organization

Answer 22

1. chemical
2. cellular
3. tissue
4. organ
5. organ system
6. organismal

Question 23

atoms combine to form molecules

Answer 23

chemical level

Question 24

cells are made up of molecules

Answer 24

cellular level

Question 25

tissues consist of similar types of cells

Answer 25

tissue level

Question 26

organs are made up of different types of tissues

Answer 26

organ level

Question 27

organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

Answer 27

organ system level

Question 28

human organisms are made up of many organ systems

Answer 28

organismal level

Question 29

anatomical position

Answer 29

body erect, arms hanging at sides, palms facing anterior, feet parallel & together

Question 30

toward the head or upper part of the body, above

Answer 30

superior

Question 31

away from the head or toward the lower part of the body, below

Answer 31

inferior

Question 32

toward or at the front of the body, in front of

Answer 32

anterior

Question 33

toward or at the back side of the body, behind

Answer 33

posterior

Question 34

toward or at the midline of the body

Answer 34

medial

Question 35

away from the midline or on the outer side of the body

Answer 35

lateral

Question 36

between a medial and lateral structure

Answer 36

intermediate

Question 37

close to the point of attachment to the body

Answer 37

proximal

Question 38

farther away from the point of attachment to the body

Answer 38

distal

Question 39

dorsal body cavity

Answer 39

cranial & spinal cavity

Question 40

houses the brain

Answer 40

cranial cavity

Question 41

houses the spinal cord

Answer 41

spinal cavity

Question 42

ventral body cavity

Answer 42

thoracic & abdominopelvic cavity

Question 43

houses heart, lungs, & others

Answer 43

thoracic cavity

Question 44

houses digestive system & most urinary system organs

Answer 44

abdominopelvic cavity

Question 45

maintenance of a stable internal environment a. a dynamic state of equilibrium b. necessary for normal body functioning & to sustain life c. built in feedback systems

Answer 45

homeostasis

Question 46

a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in an imbalance or disease

Answer 46

homeostatic imbalance

Question 47

1. includes most homeostatic control mechanisms 2. shuts off original stimulus or reduces its intensity 3. works like a household thermostat

Answer 47

negative feedback

Question 48

1. increases the original stimulus to push the variable farther 2. in the body, this occurs in blood clotting & during the birth of a baby

Answer 48

positive feedback

Question 49

elements of a homeostatic control center

Answer 49

receptor, control center, effector

Question 50

detects change in stimulus

Answer 50

receptor

Question 51

information is sent along afferent pathway from the receptor & out the efferent pathway to the effector

Answer 51

control center

Question 52

reduces the effect of stimulus & returns stimulus back to homeostatic level

Answer 52

effector

Question 53

1. forms the external body covering (skin) and includes hair and fingernails 2. waterproofs the body 3. cushions and protects deeper tissue from injury 4. produces vitamin D with the help of sunlight 5. excretes salt in perspiration 6. helps regulate body temperature 7. location of cutaneous nerve receptors

Answer 53

integumentary system

Question 54

1. consists of bones, ligaments, cartilages, & joints 2. provides muscle attachment for movement 3. protects vital organs 4. site of blood cell formation 5. stores minerals

Answer 54

skeletal system

Question 55

skeletal muscles contract (shorten) & produces movement of bones

Answer 55

muscular system

Question 56

1. fast acting control system 2. consist of brain, spinal cord, nerves, & sensory receptors 3. responds to external & internal stimuli 4. sensory receptors detect changes 5. messages sent to central nervous system which access information & activates effectors (muscles & glands)

Answer 56

nervous system

Question 57

1. secretes chemical molecules (hormones) into the blood 2. body functions controlled by hormones are growth, reproduction, & use of nutrients 3. glands include pituitary gland, thyroid & parathyroids, adrenal glands, thymus, pancreas, pineal gland, ovaries (females) / testes (males)

Answer 57

endocrine system

Question 58

1. includes heart and blood vessels a. heart pumps blood and vessels transport blood to tissues 2. blood transports oxygen & CO2, nutrients, & hormones 3. blood contains white blood cells and chemicals that provide protection from foreign invaders

Answer 58

cardiovascular system

Question 59

1. lymphatic vessels, lymphatic nodes, & lymphoid organs 2. complements cardiovascular system by returning fluids back to bloodstream 3. lymph nodes & other lymphoid organs cleanse the blood 4. houses white blood cells

Answer 59

lymphatic system

Question 60

1. nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, & lungs 2. gases are exchanged with the blood through air sacs in the lungs a. supplied body with oxygen b. removes CO2

Answer 60

respiratory sysetem

Question 61

1. oral cavity (mouth), esophagus, small & large intestines, rectum, & accessory organs 2. breaks down food 3. allows for nutrient adsorption into blood 4. eliminates indigestible material as feces

Answer 61

digestive system

Question 62

1. kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra 2. eliminate nitrogenous waste 3. maintain acid-base balance 4. regulate water & electrolyte balance 5. help regulate normal blood pressure

Answer 62

urinary system

Question 63

1. ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, & vagina 2. ovaries produce eggs & uterus provides site of development for fetus

Answer 63

female reproductive system

Question 64

1. testes, scrotum, penis, accessory glands. & duct system 2. testes produce sperm & duct system carries sperm to exterior

Answer 64

male reproductive system