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BIOMG 2900 > Chapter 1 The Microbial World > Flashcards

Chapter 1 The Microbial World Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Microscopy

A

seeing microbes and their structures

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2
Q

Cultivation and physiology

A

growing microbes and studying what they do

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3
Q

Molecular Biology and Genetics

A

studying cell structures and molecules, their function, inheritance, and regulation

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4
Q

Genomics

A

studying cellular information

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5
Q

Robert Hooke (1635-1703)

A

first to describe microbes

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6
Q

Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1732)

A

first to describe bacteria

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7
Q

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

A

First to culture microbes, disproved spontaneous generation, proposed germ theory, invented pasteurization, developed rabies vaccination

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8
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

The theory that life arises spontaneously from non-living mater

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9
Q

Miasma Theory of Disease

A

The theory that disease was caused by ‘bad air’ from the unclean conditions

Correlation but not causation

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10
Q

Sterile

A

free form living organism

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11
Q

Inoculate

A

to add a biological entity into a system

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12
Q

Medium

A

a material used to grow microbes

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13
Q

Only when sterile media is inoculated does…..

A

bacterial growth occur

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14
Q

Pasteur used ____ and/or ______ to sterilize growth media

A

Heat
porcelain filters

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15
Q

Robert Koch (1843-1910)

A

developed pure culture techniques, proved germ theory of diseases (using Koch Postulates)

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16
Q

Solid Media

A

allows for isolation of colonies (Hesse and Petri)

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17
Q

Pure Culture

A

A growing collection of cells derived from a single type of microorganism

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18
Q

Colonies vs Cells

A

Colonies made up of millions of cells

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19
Q

Koch’s Postulates

A
  1. The suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of the diseases and absent from healthy animals
  2. The suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
  3. Cells from a pure culture of the suspected pathogen must cause disease in a healthy animal
  4. The suspected pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the dame as the original
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20
Q

Golden Age of Microbiology

A

Increase in non-microbial diseases and decrease in infectious diseases

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21
Q

Martinus Beijerink (1851-1931) and Sergei Winogradsky (1856-1953)

A

Developed enrichment culture techniques and linked microbial processes to nutrient cycles

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22
Q

Enrichment Culture

A

uses defined media designed to grow specific microbes

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23
Q

What type of respiration is used by Animals and most fungi?

A

Aerobic respiration

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24
Q

What type of respiration is used by Plants?

A

Photosysthesis

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25
What type of respiration is used by Microbes?
Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, fermentation, syntrophy, lithography, diverse forms of photo-trophy, respiration of metals and sulfur and methane
26
Kluyver (1926)
publishes Unity of Biochemistry; "from elephant to butyric acid bacterium - it is all the same" by 1944 - E coli has become a model organism
27
Why is E. coli for example a model organism
DNA is fundamental; humans and microbes have it so it can be used for comparison
28
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
a bacterial species used as model organism to discover the molecular nature of life easy to grow, versatile, grows fast, and is readily cultivated form human stool
29
Watson, Crick, and Franklin (1953)
discover structure of DNA
30
Sanger (1977)
develop a method for sequencing DNA
31
Woese (1977)
builds the first Tree of Life from rRNA sequences
32
Ribosomes
Complex macromolecules that make proteins, present in ALL cellular life
33
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
the major component of ribosomes, which contain 16S rRNA, 23S rRNA, and 5S rRNA
34
Classification Prior to Molecular Phylogeny
- Plantae - Fungi -Animalia - Protista - Monera
35
Molecular Phylogeny
Using the sequences of molecules to study the evolutionary history of life
36
Mullis (1985)
invents the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
37
Pace (1985)
cultivation independent techniques using rRNA
38
PCR
a method of obtaining specific DNA segments for study
39
Genome sequencing
a method for determining the DNA sequence of a genome from one organism
40
Metagenomic sequencing
a method for determining the DNA sequences of all genomes in a community
41
Bright field microscopy
has low contrast and so requires staining to see bacteria
42
Contrast
difference in light intensity between image and background
43
Resolution
ability to differentiate adjacent objects
44
Stains
increase contrast (e.g. methylene blue, safranin, and crystal violet)
45
Simple Stains
stain cells indiscriminately
46
Compound stains
differentiate structures
47
Phase-contrast microscopy
increases contrast of live bacteria
48
Dark-field microscopy
increases contrast of refractile samples
49
Light Microscopy
- bright-field -phase-contrast -dark-field
50
Fluorescence microscopy
- bright-field -fluorescence
51
Electron Microscopy
-TEM -SEM
52
Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
pass electrons through sample instead of light; visualize cell structures in sectioned samples, 2D image, thin sample
53
Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
coat specimen with metal, view electrons that bounce off sample surface, 3D image of surface
54
Metabolic rates vary _______ in relation to the square of the cell size
inversely
55
Prokaryotic Cells
bacteria and archea 0.2-700 um no organelles required, rely on diffusion for intracellular transport No nucleus, DNA forms "nucleoid"
56
Eukaryotic Cells
Eukarya 2um-10cm contains organelles, which facilitate intracellular transport and allow cells to escape diffusional limitation DNA enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus
57
Viruses
0.02um-0.6um NOT CELLS!!! - No cytoplasmic membrane, cytoplasm, or ribosomes - viral genomes can be double or single stranded DNA or RNA -smaller than cells (generally) -viral genomes are encased in a capsid shell and/or an envelope -cannot conserve energy -obligate parasites
58
Organelles in a Prokaryotic Cell
Cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, nucleoid, cytoplasm, plasmid, ribosomes
59
Organelles in a Eukaryotic Cell
Cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, mitochondrion, nuclear membrane, nucleus, ribosomes, cytoplasm
60
ALL Cells share.... (4)
- cytoplasmic (cell) membrane -cytoplasm -ribosomes double stranded DNA genomes
61
Cytoplasm
aqueous mixture of macromolecules, ions, and ribosomes
62
Coccus (cocci)
round, sperical
63
Rod (bacilli)
rod shaped
64
Spirillum (spirilla)
looks like a small bannana
65
Spirochetes
zig zag - a shape and a phylum
66
Budding and appendaged
Stalk and hypha -big center with projections coming out of center
67
Filamentous
thin filaments
68
Sheathed bacteria
filament surrounding with bulk center - some sheaths/stalks are made of polysaccharides; others are made of iron oxides (e.g iron oxidizing bacteria)

BIOMG 2900 (7 decks)

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