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EKU BIO 111 > Chapter 1: The Science Of Bio > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Science Of Bio Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Bio unified what?

A

Much of natural science

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2
Q

Living systems are the most complex what?

A

Chemical systems on earth

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3
Q

Life is constrained by?

A

The properties of chem. and physics

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4
Q

Science is becoming?

A

More interdisciplinary (combining multiple fields)

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5
Q

7 characteristics of all living organisms:

A
  1. Composed of cells
  2. Complex and ordered
  3. Respond to their environment
  4. Can grow, develop, and reproduce
  5. Obtain and use energy
  6. Maintain internal balance
  7. Allow for evolutionary adaption
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6
Q

Cellular level:

A

Atoms, molecule, macromolecule, organelle, cell

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7
Q

Organism level:

A

Tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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8
Q

Population level:

A

Species, population (of one species), community (multiple species), ecosystem (including living environment), biosphere

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9
Q

Each level has emergent properties

A
  • result from interaction of components
  • cannot be deduced by looking at parts themselves
  • “life” is an emergent property
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10
Q

Science aims to understand?

A

The natural world through observation and reasoning

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11
Q

Science begins with? Meaning what?

A

Observations. So much if science is purely descriptive

  • classification of all life on earth
  • human genome sequencing
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12
Q

Science uses both?

A

Deductive and inductive reasoning

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13
Q

What is deductive reasoning?

A

Uses general principles to make specific predictions

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14
Q

What is inductive reasoning?

A

Uses specific observations to develop general conclusions

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15
Q

Scientists use a systematic approach to?

A

Gain understanding of the natural world known as the scientific method

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16
Q

Scientific method steps?

A
  1. Observation
  2. Hypothesis formation
  3. Prediction
  4. Experimentation
  5. Conclusion
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17
Q

A hypothesis is a possible?

A

Explanation for an observation

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18
Q

A hypothesis

A

Must be tested to determine validity

Is often tested many diff. ways

Allows for predictions to be made

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19
Q

Iterative (repeating process to generate a sequence of outcomes trying to reach a specific one)

A

Hypotheses can be changed and refined with new data

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20
Q

Experiments:

A
  • Test hypothesis
  • Must be carefully designed to test only one variable at a time
  • Consists of a test experiment and a control experiment
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21
Q

Predictions:

A

Hypotheses should make predictions

Predictions provide a way to test the validity of hypotheses

Hypothesis must be rejected if the experiment produces results inconsistent with the predictions

The more experimentally supported predictions a hypothesis makes, the more valid the hypothesis

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22
Q

Spontaneous generation?

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A

Not true. Preexisting microorganisms

23
Q

Two philosophical approaches to science:

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A

Reductionism / systems biology

24
Q

Reductionism?

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A

To break down a complex process down to its simpler parts

25
Systems biology?
Focus on emergent properties that can’t be understood by looking st simpler parts
26
Models in science:
- ways to organize thought - parts provided by reductionist approach - model shows how they fit together - suggest experiments to test the model
27
Scientific theory:
Is a body of interconnected concepts Is supported by much experimental evidence and scientific reasoning Expresses ideas of which we are most certain
28
Compare to general meaning of theory:
Implies a lack of knowledge or a guess
29
Basis research intended to?
Extend the boundaries of what we know
30
Applied research:
Foundation provided by basic research May involve the manufacture of food additives or drugs
31
Unifying themes in bio:
- Cell theory - Molecular basis of inheritance - Structure and function - Diversity of life arises by evolution - evolutionary conservation - cells are info-processing systems - nonequilibrium state
32
Cell theory:
- all organisms are composed of cells - cells are life’s basic units - all cells come from preexisting cells
33
Molecular basis of inheritance:
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) - sequence of 4 nucleotides encode cell’s info - gene- discrete unit of info - genome- entire set of DNA instructions - continuity of life depends on faithful copying of DNA into daughter cells
34
Structure and function:
- you study structure to learn function - know a function- look for that structure in other organisms - ex: *receptor on human cell for insulin unknown * find similar molecule in worm * might conclude this molecule functions the same in the word
35
Diversity of life arises by?
Evolution
36
3 domains
Bacteria- single cell prokaryote Archaea- single-cells prokaryote Eukarya- single-called or multicellular eukaryote
37
Evolution diversity bc?
Bio-chem and genetics argues for life from the same origin point Diversity bc evolutionary changes over time
38
Evolutionary conservation
All organisms today descended from a simple creature 3.5 BYA Some characteristics preserved- use of DNA Conservation reflects that they have a fundamental role
39
Cells are info-processing systems:
Info in DNA used to direct synthesis of cellular components Cells process environmental info Cells in multicellular organisms must coordinate with each other
40
Nonequlibrium state
Living systems= opened systems Constant supply of energy needed Self-organizing properties at different levels Emergent properties from collections of molecules, cells, and individual
41
Darwin and Evolution shows?
Ex of how scientist develops hypothesis and how a theory gains acceptance
42
Darwin published?
The Origin of species after 30 years observation
43
Darwin was a?
Naturalist mapping coastal South America
44
Darwin wasn’t the first to?
Propose evolution
45
Darwin’s contribution was a
Mechanism (natural science)
46
Darwin said characteristics of similar species...
Varied from place to place
47
Galapagos Finches (bird) 14 species differed only slightly
“Descent with modification” or evolution
48
Populations of plants and animals do what?
Increase geometrically
49
Humans can only do what?
Increase their food supply arithmetically
50
Populations of species remain constant bc
Death limits population #’s
51
Evidence supporting Darwin’s theory has grown bc?
Fossil record Earth’s age
52
Mechanism for heredity
Kendal’s laws of inheritance unknown to Darwin
53
Comparative anatomy
Vertebrae forelimbs all share same basic array of bones Homologous- same evolutionary origin not now differ in structure and function Analogous- structures of different origin used for same purpose (butterfly and bird wings)
54
Molecular evidence:
Compare genomes of proteins if different organisms Phylogenetic trees- based on reacting origin of particular nucletide changes to reconstruct an evolutionary history

EKU BIO 111 (3 decks)

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