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Human Communications > Chapter 1 to 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 to 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the steps in the perception process

A
  1. Selection (intensity, repetition, contrast/change)
  2. Organization (physical, role based, interaction based, psychological)
  3. Interpretation (attach meaning to data to make sense / personal experience, expectation )
  4. Negotiation ( communicators influence each other’s perception, interpersonal communication )
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2
Q

Define transactional communication

A

The dynamic process in which communicators create meaning together through interaction.

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3
Q

What are the Communication principles

A
  1. Communication is Transactional : mutual influence through activity
  2. Communication can be intentional or unintentional
  3. Communication is Irreversible : cannot change the impression you’ve created
  4. Communication is Unrepeatable : An event cannot be repeated
  5. Communication involves Content dimension and relational dimension.
    (content : explicit ‘please pass me the salt’
    relational : express feelings through tone
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4
Q

Define interpersonal communication

A

The looks at exchange between 2 or more people
- the number of people interacting
- the quality of interaction

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5
Q

Define quantitative approach

A

Defines interpersonal communication by the number of communicators (2=dyad)

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6
Q

Define qualitative approach

A

Interpersonal communication means treating one another as unique individuals based on the quality and nature on interpersonal

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7
Q

Characteristics of interpersonal communication

A
  1. Uniqueness
  2. Interdependence
  3. Self-disclosure
  4. Intrisic rewards
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8
Q

Define Communication Competence

A

The ability to achieve goals in a manner that is both effective and appropriate

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9
Q

Characteristics of Competent Communication

A
  1. A large repertoire of skills
  2. Adaptability
  3. Empathy / Perspective Talking
  4. Ability to Perform Skillfully
  5. Cognitive Complexity
  6. Self-monitoring
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10
Q

Define intercultural communication

A

The process that occurs when members of 2 or more cultures or co-cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their different cultural perceptions and symbol systems, both verbal and non-verbal.

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11
Q

Define salience

A

The weight you attach to a particular person or phenomenon

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12
Q

What is the relationship between interpersonal and intercultural communication

A

According to William Gudykunstt, intercultural is communication about various cultures, which is also done by interpersonal communication such as daily conversations between people.

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13
Q

5 Factors that affect communication

A
  1. High Vs Low Context
  2. Individualism Vs Collectivism
  3. Power distance
  4. Achievement Vs Nurturing
  5. Uncertainty avoidance
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14
Q

5 Factors that Shape out cultural Identity

A
  1. Disabilities
  2. Socioeconomic status
  3. Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation
  4. Age and Generation
  5. Race and Ethnicity
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15
Q

Define verbal codes

A

Challenges when communicators use different verbal and nonverbal communication systems.

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16
Q

Define Code-switching

A

Communicators adapt their manner of speaking when they change contexts

17
Q

Define microaggressions

A

Disrespectful communication through subtle verbal or nonverbal displays eg. racial discrimination

18
Q

Define attribution

A

The process of making sense of another’s behavior.

19
Q

Developing Intercultural Communication competence

A
  1. Motivation and attitude
  2. Tolerance of Ambiguity
  3. Open-mindedness (free from ethnocentricm : attitude that one’s own culture is superior to others )
  4. Skill and knowledge
  5. be patient yet persistent
20
Q

Developing Intercultural Communication competence

A
  1. Motivation and attitude
  2. Tolerance of Ambiguity
  3. Open-mindedness (free from ethnocentricm : attitude that one’s own culture is superior to others )
  4. Skill and knowledge
  5. be patient yet persistent
21
Q

Define media richness

A

The abundance of nonverbal cues that adds clarity to a verbal message. Media channels are leaner

22
Q

Ways to improve communication competence

A
  1. Be careful about what you post
  2. Be considerate
  3. Be mindful of lurkers and silent readers
  4. People have the right to post what they want on their accounts
  5. Balance time online and offline
  6. Be multimodal - use multiple channels of communication
23
Q

Define self-concept and self-esteem

A

Self-concept: the relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself
Self-esteem: The part of self-concept that involves evaluations of self-worth

24
Q

Development of self concept

A
  1. Reflected appraisal : process of mirroring judgments of surrounding people
  2. Social comparison : We evaluate ourselves by comparing with others
25
Q

Characteristics of Self-concept

A
  1. It is subjective
  2. Flexible
  3. Resists change
26
Q

Define self-fulling prophecy

A

When a person’s expectations of an event, and subsequent behavior based on those expectations of an event, will make the expected outcome more likely to occur.
- your own expectations influence your behavior
- A person’s expressed expectations can affect another’s behavior

27
Q

Define impression management

A

The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them

28
Q

Characteristics of Impression Management

A

We strive to manage a multifaceted identity : construct multiple identities and roles in their diff areas of their lives
Impressions management is collaborative
Identity management can be deliberate or unconscious
Impression management in mediated communication

29
Q

What is self disclosing

A

What you choose to share with others
1. contains personal information
2. Sender must purposefully communicate this information
3. Another person must be the target

30
Q

Factors that Impact Self-Disclosure

A
  1. Honesty
  2. Revelatory / Depth
  3. Availability of Information
  4. Context of sharing
31
Q

2 Modelts of self disclosure

A
  1. The Social Penetration Model : Dalmas Taylor and Irwin Altman
    - each personal relationship may have a different combination of breadth of subjects and depth of relevation
  2. Johari Window Model : Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham
    - Open, blind, hidden, unknown self
32
Q

Benefits and risks of self disclosure

A

Benefits : catharsis, self-clarification, self-validation, reciprocity, impression formation, relationship maintenance and enhancement, moral obligation
Risks: Rejection, negative impression, Decrease in relational satisfaction, Loss of influence and control, Hurting the other person

33
Q

Guidelines to self-disclosure

A
  1. Is the other person important to you?
  2. Is the risk of disclosing reasonably
  3. Is the self-disclosure appropriate?
  4. Is the disclosure relevant to the situation at hand?
  5. Is the disclosure reciprocated?
  6. Will the effect be constructive?
34
Q

Alternatives of Self-disclosure

A
  1. Silence
  2. Lying
  3. Equivocation: Statements that are not literally false but avoid an unpleasant truth
  4. Hinting
35
Q

How do you construct realities?

A

First-order realities : Physical observable qualities of situation
Second-order realities : Attaching meaning to first-order things / situations

36
Q

Steps in the Perception Process

A
  1. Selection
  2. Organization
  3. Interpretation
  4. Negotiation
37
Q

Influences on Perception

A
  1. Access to information
  2. Physiological Influences : age, senses, age, health, hunger,neurological disorders
  3. Psychological Influences : emotional state and self concept
  4. Social Influences
  5. Cultural Influences
38
Q

Define attribution

A

The process of attaching meaning to behavior

39
Q

How do common tendencies shape perception?

A
  1. We make snap judgment
  2. We cling to first impressions (primary, halo, horns effect, confirmation bias)
  3. We judge ourselves more charitably than we do others ( self-serving bias)
  4. We are influenced by our expectations
  5. We are influenced by the obvious
  6. We assume others are like us

Human Communications (3 decks)

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