Chapter 1 to 5

Question 1

What are the steps in the perception process

Answer 1

1. Selection (intensity, repetition, contrast/change)
2. Organization (physical, role based, interaction based, psychological)
3. Interpretation (attach meaning to data to make sense / personal experience, expectation )
4. Negotiation ( communicators influence each other’s perception, interpersonal communication )

Question 2

Define transactional communication

Answer 2

The dynamic process in which communicators create meaning together through interaction.

Question 3

What are the Communication principles

Answer 3

1. Communication is Transactional : mutual influence through activity
2. Communication can be intentional or unintentional
3. Communication is Irreversible : cannot change the impression you’ve created
4. Communication is Unrepeatable : An event cannot be repeated
5. Communication involves Content dimension and relational dimension.
   (content : explicit ‘please pass me the salt’
   relational : express feelings through tone

Question 4

Define interpersonal communication

Answer 4

The looks at exchange between 2 or more people
- the number of people interacting
- the quality of interaction

Question 5

Define quantitative approach

Answer 5

Defines interpersonal communication by the number of communicators (2=dyad)

Question 6

Define qualitative approach

Answer 6

Interpersonal communication means treating one another as unique individuals based on the quality and nature on interpersonal

Question 7

Characteristics of interpersonal communication

Answer 7

1. Uniqueness
2. Interdependence
3. Self-disclosure
4. Intrisic rewards

Question 8

Define Communication Competence

Answer 8

The ability to achieve goals in a manner that is both effective and appropriate

Question 9

Characteristics of Competent Communication

Answer 9

1. A large repertoire of skills
2. Adaptability
3. Empathy / Perspective Talking
4. Ability to Perform Skillfully
5. Cognitive Complexity
6. Self-monitoring

Question 10

Define intercultural communication

Answer 10

The process that occurs when members of 2 or more cultures or co-cultures exchange messages in a manner that is influenced by their different cultural perceptions and symbol systems, both verbal and non-verbal.

Question 11

Define salience

Answer 11

The weight you attach to a particular person or phenomenon

Question 12

What is the relationship between interpersonal and intercultural communication

Answer 12

According to William Gudykunstt, intercultural is communication about various cultures, which is also done by interpersonal communication such as daily conversations between people.

Question 13

5 Factors that affect communication

Answer 13

1. High Vs Low Context
2. Individualism Vs Collectivism
3. Power distance
4. Achievement Vs Nurturing
5. Uncertainty avoidance

Question 14

5 Factors that Shape out cultural Identity

Answer 14

1. Disabilities
2. Socioeconomic status
3. Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation
4. Age and Generation
5. Race and Ethnicity

Question 15

Define verbal codes

Answer 15

Challenges when communicators use different verbal and nonverbal communication systems.

Question 16

Define Code-switching

Answer 16

Communicators adapt their manner of speaking when they change contexts

Question 17

Define microaggressions

Answer 17

Disrespectful communication through subtle verbal or nonverbal displays eg. racial discrimination

Question 18

Define attribution

Answer 18

The process of making sense of another’s behavior.

Question 19

Developing Intercultural Communication competence

Answer 19

1. Motivation and attitude
2. Tolerance of Ambiguity
3. Open-mindedness (free from ethnocentricm : attitude that one’s own culture is superior to others )
4. Skill and knowledge
5. be patient yet persistent

Question 20

Developing Intercultural Communication competence

Answer 20

1. Motivation and attitude
2. Tolerance of Ambiguity
3. Open-mindedness (free from ethnocentricm : attitude that one’s own culture is superior to others )
4. Skill and knowledge
5. be patient yet persistent

Question 21

Define media richness

Answer 21

The abundance of nonverbal cues that adds clarity to a verbal message. Media channels are leaner

Question 22

Ways to improve communication competence

Answer 22

1. Be careful about what you post
2. Be considerate
3. Be mindful of lurkers and silent readers
4. People have the right to post what they want on their accounts
5. Balance time online and offline
6. Be multimodal - use multiple channels of communication

Question 23

Define self-concept and self-esteem

Answer 23

Self-concept: the relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself
Self-esteem: The part of self-concept that involves evaluations of self-worth

Question 24

Development of self concept

Answer 24

1. Reflected appraisal : process of mirroring judgments of surrounding people
2. Social comparison : We evaluate ourselves by comparing with others

Question 25

Characteristics of Self-concept

Answer 25

1. It is subjective 2. Flexible 3. Resists change

Question 26

Define self-fulling prophecy

Answer 26

When a person's expectations of an event, and subsequent behavior based on those expectations of an event, will make the expected outcome more likely to occur. - your own expectations influence your behavior - A person's expressed expectations can affect another's behavior

Question 27

Define impression management

Answer 27

The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them

Question 28

Characteristics of Impression Management

Answer 28

We strive to manage a multifaceted identity : construct multiple identities and roles in their diff areas of their lives Impressions management is collaborative Identity management can be deliberate or unconscious Impression management in mediated communication

Question 29

What is self disclosing

Answer 29

What you choose to share with others 1. contains personal information 2. Sender must purposefully communicate this information 3. Another person must be the target

Question 30

Factors that Impact Self-Disclosure

Answer 30

1. Honesty 2. Revelatory / Depth 3. Availability of Information 4. Context of sharing

Question 31

2 Modelts of self disclosure

Answer 31

1. The Social Penetration Model : Dalmas Taylor and Irwin Altman - each personal relationship may have a different combination of breadth of subjects and depth of relevation 2. Johari Window Model : Joseph Luft and Harry Ingham - Open, blind, hidden, unknown self

Question 32

Benefits and risks of self disclosure

Answer 32

Benefits : catharsis, self-clarification, self-validation, reciprocity, impression formation, relationship maintenance and enhancement, moral obligation Risks: Rejection, negative impression, Decrease in relational satisfaction, Loss of influence and control, Hurting the other person

Question 33

Guidelines to self-disclosure

Answer 33

1. Is the other person important to you? 2. Is the risk of disclosing reasonably 3. Is the self-disclosure appropriate? 4. Is the disclosure relevant to the situation at hand? 5. Is the disclosure reciprocated? 6. Will the effect be constructive?

Question 34

Alternatives of Self-disclosure

Answer 34

1. Silence 2. Lying 3. Equivocation: Statements that are not literally false but avoid an unpleasant truth 4. Hinting

Question 35

How do you construct realities?

Answer 35

First-order realities : Physical observable qualities of situation Second-order realities : Attaching meaning to first-order things / situations

Question 36

Steps in the Perception Process

Answer 36

1. Selection 2. Organization 3. Interpretation 4. Negotiation

Question 37

Influences on Perception

Answer 37

1. Access to information 2. Physiological Influences : age, senses, age, health, hunger,neurological disorders 3. Psychological Influences : emotional state and self concept 4. Social Influences 5. Cultural Influences

Question 38

Define attribution

Answer 38

The process of attaching meaning to behavior

Question 39

How do common tendencies shape perception?

Answer 39

1. We make snap judgment 2. We cling to first impressions (primary, halo, horns effect, confirmation bias) 3. We judge ourselves more charitably than we do others ( self-serving bias) 4. We are influenced by our expectations 5. We are influenced by the obvious 6. We assume others are like us