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PHYS 395 > Chapter 1: Types of Radiation: Characterization and Sources > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Types of Radiation: Characterization and Sources Flashcards

1
Q

__________ is the transport of energy without the necessary intervention of a transporting medium.

A

Radiation

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2
Q

Radiation is accomplished by either _________ or by _______ which includes _____, _______, and _______.

A

electromagnetic waves
particles
electrons
neutrons
ions

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3
Q

Non-ionizing radiation cannot ionize matter and includes _________, ________, ________ and ________.

A

infrared
lasers
ultrasound
microwaves

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4
Q

Ionizing radiation is divided into _________ and ________.

A

EM radiation
particulate radiation

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5
Q

Diagnostic imaging methods include __________, __________, ___________, and _________.

A

x rays
radionuclides
ultrasound
nuclear magnetic resonance imaging

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6
Q

Therapeutic radiology methods include ________, _________, and __________.

A

radiation oncology/malignant disease
teletherapy
brachytherapy

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7
Q

For __________ the radiation source is outside the subject.

A

telepathy

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8
Q

The difference between x rays and gamma rays is ___________. X rays are made from ____________ and gamma rays are made from ____________.

A

how you produce it
electron bombardment
radioactive elements

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9
Q

For UV radiation far UV has wavelength ________ and near UV has wavelength _________.

A

200-300 nm
300-380 nm

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10
Q

UV A has wavelength __________ and causes ________ damage. UV B has wavelength _________ and UV C has wavelength __________, both cause __________ damage.

A

315-380 nm
little
280-315 nm
200-280 nm
significant

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11
Q

UV at ________ wavelength does not cause as much damage because DNA _________.

A

longer
wont absorb

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12
Q

_________ radiation produces greater damage than _______ radiation because of multiple photon absorption, shorter wavelength and higher intensity.

A

ionizing
heat

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13
Q

Energy in the form of heat/mechanical energy is absorbed _________ and _______, and requires much _________ quantities of energy to produce damage in living things.

A

uniformly
evenly
greater

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14
Q

x rays deposit energy in tissues and cells in ________ packets called ________.

A

discrete
photons

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15
Q

Potency of x-rays is a function of ____________ not of __________.

A

energy of individual photons
total energy of observer

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16
Q

The energy of photons required to break chemical bonds and cause biological tissue damage is __________. The energy required to produce electrons in water is ________.

A

4-6 eV
7 eV

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17
Q

The emission spectrum of solar radiation from the sun is described as that of a __________ at temperature = ________.

A

black body
6000 K

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18
Q

mercury gas discharge tubes can be used to ________ and _____________.

A

generate UV
kill bacteria in water samples

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19
Q

The four types of artificial UV sources are ___________, __________, ________, and __________.

A

mercury gas discharge tubes
xenon and deuterium discharge tubes
UV lasers
synchrotron radiation

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20
Q

Xenon and deuterium discharge tubes have ____________ and use ________/________ to produce monochromatic radiation in radiation biology.

A

continuous emission spectrum
monochromators/optical filters

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21
Q

UV lasers are _____________.

A

powerful monochromatic sources

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22
Q

Synchrotron radiation is produced by _________ and cover a ______ range of energies.

A

electron accelerators
wide

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23
Q

Ionizing radiation is classified as either _________ or ________ radiation.

A

electromagnetic
particulate

24
Q

Ionizing radiation can be produced either from _______________ to react with suitable targets for producing secondary radiations or ____________.

A

acceleration of charged particles
use of radioactive nuclei

25
Q

______ are generated when accelerated electrons interact with matter. There are two processes: ________ radiation and _______ radiation.

A

x rays
characteristic
bremsstrahlung

26
Q

_________ correspond to the transition of energy gap between atomic orbitals.

A

characteristic x rays

27
Q

__________ comes from interaction with nucleus.

A

Bremsstrahlung radiation

28
Q

________ are emitted as part of nuclear disintegration. They are made of ________.

A

gamma rays
photons

29
Q

x rays have a _______ spectrum whereas gamma rays have _______ energies.

A

wide energy
well-defined

30
Q

The most common gamma ray emitters are _______, _______, _______ or ______.

A

Co-60
Cs 137
I 125
I131

31
Q

The specific energy emitted from Co-60 is _______.

A

1.2 MeV

32
Q

_______ are particles that can be accelerated to high energy to a speed of almost the speed of light using an electrical device such as _______ or _______. This is ______ radiation and has a ________ distribution in tissue. Used for ___________.

A

electrons
betatron
linear accelerator
beta
non-uniform
cancer therapy

33
Q

The difference between electrons and protons is ______. Protons are ________ of electrons.

A

mass
2000x the size

34
Q

______ are massive and thus require more complex/expensive equipment such as a _______ to accelerate them to useful energies. Used for ________ because of their favorable dose distribution. Have a _______ distribution of energy.

A

protons
cyclotron
cancer treatment
uniform

35
Q

_______ from the sun and cosmic rays represent a component of natural background radiation and are the main hazard to astronauts. Humans on earth are protected by earth’s _________ and _________.

A

photons
atmosphere
magnetic field

36
Q

_________ are helium nuclei consisting of 2 protons and 2 neutrons, which are produced by radioactive decay. These emissions are accompanied by _______ components which may not be neglected because of their _________. They may also be emitted during _________ of __________ such as _______ and ________.

A

alpha paticles
gamma components
larger penetration
decay
heavy, naturally occurring radionuclides
uranium
radium

37
Q

Alpha particles have ________ applications because of __________ resulting in ________. Can be used for _____________.

A

limited
large size and mass
small range in matter
localize damage in tissue

38
Q

_____ emits alpha particles that make up a major source of natural background radiation. It increases risk of _________.

A

radon
lung cancer

39
Q

________ have similar mass to protons.

A

neutrons

40
Q

________ are produced if a charged particle is accelerated to high energy and then made to impinge on suitable target material or through nuclear reactions.

A

neutrons

41
Q

Neutrons are present in large quantities in __________ and are emitted by some _________. They are an important component of _________.

A

nuclear reactors
artificial heavy radionuclides
space radiation

42
Q

__________ are nuclei of elements such as _____, ______, ______, or _____. Can be accelerated to relativistic energies with very high intensity. Applications in _________. _______ of _______ energy are a ________ to astronauts on long missions.

A

heavy charged particles
carbon, neon, argon, iron
radiotherapy
Charged particles
enormous
major threat

43
Q

__________ refers to particles that are emitted from nuclei as a result of nuclear instability.

A

radioactivity

44
Q

The half-life of a given nuclear species is related to its _____________.

A

radiation risk

45
Q

For a given atom, X is the _________. A (top) is the _______ which is the ____________. Z (bottom) is the ________ which is the __________.

A

symbol for element
mass number
number of neutrons + protons
atomic number
number of protons in nucleus or number of electrons outside nucleus

46
Q

Isotopes are nuclei with _________. Isotones are nuclei with __________.

A

same number of protons
same number of neutrons

47
Q

The half life is the time for ______________.

A

50% of the original nuclei disintegrate

48
Q

Activity is the _________.

A

rate of decay

49
Q

Alpha particles have _______ range because of its ___________. The penetration depth of alpha particles is ________. They can be stopped by _________.

A

shortest
strong interaction with matter
nm to tens of um
tissue

50
Q

Beta particles have ______ range because of its _________ interaction with matter. The penetration depth is _________. They can pass through ______ but are stopped by _______.

A

short
strong
um to few mm
tissue
aluminum

51
Q

Gamma rays are ____________. The penetration depth is _______. They can pass through _______, _______, or _______ but not _______.

A

extremely penetrating
few cm
tissue, aluminum, concrete
lead

52
Q

The practical threshold for radiation risk is that of ____________.

A

ionization of tissue

53
Q

The ionization energy of a hydrogen atom is _____.

A

13.6 eV

54
Q

_______ is the number of nuclear decays per unit time of a radioactive isotope. SI unit: ________, previously _______ which is equal to ________.

A

activity
becquerel
Curie
1 Ci = 3.7 x 10^10 Bq

55
Q

__________ is the charge liberated by ionizing radiation per unit mass of air. Unit: ________ which is also equal to ________.

A

exposure
Roentgen
1 R = 2.58 x 10^-4 C/kg

56
Q

___________ is the energy absorbed per unit mass of material or energy deposited by ionizing radiation per unit mass of material. Unit: _________ which is ________.

A

Absorbed dose
Gray
1 Gy = 100 rad = 1 J/kg

57
Q

________ is absorbed dose x relative biological effectiveness. Unit: _______ which is ________

A

dose equivalent
Sievert
1 Sv = 100 rem

PHYS 395 (13 decks)

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