Chapter 1 - Understanding Biodiversity

Question 1

Define biodiversity.

Answer 1

the number and variety of species and ecosystems on Earth

Question 2

3 types of biodiversity

Answer 2

genetic diversity, species diversity, structural diversity

Question 3

5 human impacts

Answer 3

habitat loss, over-exploitation, pollution, climate change, invasive species

Question 4

hybridization

Answer 4

the cross-breeding of 2 different species

Question 5

morphology

Answer 5

(the study of ) the physical characteristics of an organism

Question 6

Differences between genetic diversity, species diversity, and structural diversity

Answer 6

Genetic - genetic variation within an organism; refers to individuals of the same species Species - variety of species in an ecosystem and the number of individuals within each of those species Structural - range of physical shapes and sizes within an ecosystem

Question 7

heterotroph

Answer 7

an organism that obtains nutrients by consuming other organisms (living or dead)

Question 8

autotroph

Answer 8

an organism that uses sources of energy to produce nutrients from water, gases, and/or minerals; they make their own food

Question 9

taxonomy

Answer 9

the science of identifying and classifying all organisms based on physical attributes and evolutionary relationships

Question 10

What is a clade?

Answer 10

A taxonomic group that contains a common ancestor and ALL its descendants

Question 11

Difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote

Answer 11

Prokaryotes are single-celled and do not contain membrane bound organelles Eukaryotes are single or multi-celled and do contain membrane bound organelles

Question 12

Characteristics of Kingdom Eubacteria

Answer 12

• Prokaryotic - Vary in size/shape - Diverse means of obtaining energy - Reproduce asexually

Question 13

Characteristics of Kingdom Archaea

Answer 13

• prokaryotic - most are very small - live in extreme environments - reproduce asexually

Question 14

Characteristics of Kingdom Protista

Answer 14

• eukaryotic - some have chloroplasts and cell walls - heterotrophic, photosynthetic or both - reproduce asexually or sexually - most live in aquatic environments

Question 15

Characteristics of Kingdom Fungi

Answer 15

• eukaryotic - cell wall composed of chitin - most are multicellular - no chloroplasts - all heterotrophic - reproduce sexually or asexually

Question 16

Characteristics of Kingdom Plants

Answer 16

• eukaryotic - all are multicellular - cell walls composed of cellulose - contain chloroplast - photosynthetic and autotrophic - reproduce asexually and sexually

Question 17

Characteristics of Kingdom Animal

Answer 17

• eukaryotic - all are multicellular - cells have no cell walls or chloroplasts - heterotrophic - most reproduce sexually - live in terrestrial and aquatic environments

Question 18

What is the highest taxonomic level of the traditional Linnaean system of classification?

Answer 18

Kingdom

Question 19

Define domain and name them.

Answer 19

The highest taxonomic level; Eubacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes

Question 20

phylogeny

Answer 20

the study of evolutionary relatedness between or within species

Question 21

eukaryotes

Answer 21

single or multi-cellular organisms with membrane bound organelles

Question 22

prokaryotes

Answer 22

single celled organisms that does not contain membrane bound organisms (instead it contains the nucleoid with loops of DNA called plasmids)

Question 23

List the 10 phyla of animals (+ what they are).

Answer 23

1) Porifera - sponges
2) Cnidaria - jellyfish
3) Annelida - segmented worms
4) Platyhelminthes - flatworms
5) Nematoda - roundworms
6) Rotifera - rotifers
7) Echinodermata - starfish
8) Mollusca - snails
9) Arthropoda - insects
10) Chordata

Question 24

Distinguishing characteristics of porifera + examples

Answer 24

• no tissues/nerves
• just one inner + outer layer
  e. g. sponges

Question 25

Distinguishing characteristics of cnidaria + examples

Answer 25

- simplest animals w/ specialized tissue - tentacles w/ nematocysts e. g. jellyfish, coral

Question 26

Distinguishing characteristics of playhelminthes

Answer 26

- unsegmented - parasites e. g. tapeworm, liver fluke

Question 27

Distinguishing characteristics of nematoda + examples

Answer 27

- unsegmented w/ complete digestive tract - cylindrical - parasites e. g. dog heartworm, pinworm

Question 28

Distinguishing characteristics of annelida + examples

Answer 28

- segmented e. g. earthworm, feather-duster worm

Question 29

Distinguishing characteristics of mollusca + examples

Answer 29

- 3 main parts - radula for scraping/boring e. g. snails, squid, octopi, clams

Question 30

Distinguishing characteristics of arthropoda + examples

Answer 30

- segmented bodies - jointed appendages - outer skeleton of chitin e. g. insects, spiders, crabs

Question 31

Distinguishing characteristics of echinodermata + examples

Answer 31

- 5 "limbs" - hydraulics vascular system e. g. sea urchin, starfish

Question 32

Distinguishing characteristics of chordata + examples

Answer 32

- bony skeleton - paired appendages - only vertebrates e. g. fish, amphibians, mammals, reptiles, birds

Question 33

7 classes of the phylum chordata (+ examples)

Answer 33

1) Agnathans - jawless fish with skeletons made of cartiledge (lamprey, hagfish) 2) Actinopterygii - common fish with bony skeleton (e.g. bass, trout) 3) Chondrichthyes - cartilagenous fish that are mostly predators (e.g. sharks, rays) 4) Amphibia - aquatic larval stage and tetrapods as adults (e.g. frogs, salamanders) 5) Reptilia - tetrapods with dry scaly skin (e.g. snakes, lizards) 6) Aves - warm blooded tetrapods (e.g. birds) 7) Mammalia - warm blooded tetrapods with hair and give birth to live young with milk (e.g. cows, humans, dogs)