Chapter 1: Understanding Health and Wellbeing Flashcards
(35 cards)
1
Q
Health
A
- A state of complete physical, social and mental wellbeing
- It is not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
2
Q
Wellbeing
A
- A complex combination of all dimensions of health
- Characterised by an equilibrium where one feels happy, healthy, capable and engaged
3
Q
Dynamic and subjective nature of HWB
A
-
Dynamic – constantly changing
- E.g. someone w the flu has poor HWB, however, rest and med enables them to return to a better state of HWB
-
Subjective – influenced by personal beliefs, feelings, opinions and our environment (e.g. media)
- E.g. elderly may view HWB as the ability to independently perform tasks whilst youth may view it as being fit & social
4
Q
Disease vs illness
A
- Disease – physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunctions or tissue damage
- Illness – self-perceived negative state of HWB, where one believes they’re experiencing smth which makes them unwell
5
Q
Physical HWB and its supportive factors
A
- Functioning of the body and its systems including one’s physical capacity to perform daily tasks and activities
- Regular exercise and maintenance of health body weight
- Strong immune system, contributing to minimal illness
- Balanced diet where nutritional needs are met
- Appropriate amount and quality of sleep
6
Q
Social HWB and its supportive factors
A
- Ability to form meaningful & satisfying relationships & adapting appropriately to diff social situations
- Having a strong support network
- Overcoming conflict in relationships
- Having strong communication skills
- Having empathy for others
7
Q
Emotional HWB and its supportive factors
A
- Ability to recognise, understand, manage and express feelings in a positive way
- The ability to display resilience
- Feeling emotionally secure and relaxed
- Having effective coping techniques to deal with emotions
8
Q
Mental HWB and its supportive factors
A
- State of a person’s mind and their ability to think and process information
- Using logic and making decisions
- Forming opinions independent of others
- Low levels of stress and anxiety
- High self-esteem, confidence and optimism
9
Q
Spiritual HWB and its supportive factors
A
- Ideas, beliefs, values and ethics in the mind and conscience of people
- A sense of hope about the future
- A sense of meaning which guides one through their life
- Having a sound moral compass
- Living with a set of values and ethics
- Feeling a sense of belonging and purpose in life
- Believing in a higher power
10
Q
Values vs beliefs
A
-
Values – what one feels is important in life
- E.g. Education, fitness and friendship
-
Beliefs – what one feels to be true or right
- Even if the belief is not proven
- E.g. There is life after death
11
Q
Interrelationship between dimensions of HWB
A
- Dimensions of HWB overlap & influence each other
- Overall HWB is determined by combination of all dimensions
- Change in one dim results in change to 1 / more dim(s)
- Dimensions of health do not work independently
12
Q
Interrelationship between mental and emotional HWB
A
- Receiving a job promotion ↑ confidence and mental HWB
- Confidence enables people to feel more emotionally secure and relaxed in everyday life, improving emotional HWB
- Emotional security improves people’s ability to think and make logical decisions, further promoting his mental HWB
NOTE: Interrelationship must be discussed in a bidirectional manner (e.g. M → E → M). The response must also be linked to the context of the question.
13
Q
Optimal health and wellbeing
A
- The highest possible level of HWB considering one’s unique experiences, characteristics and lifestyle
14
Q
Optimal HWB as an individual, national and global resource
A
-
Individual – promotes the dimensions of health
- People can work productively, increasing confidence
- ↓ risk of illness & chronic conditions, ↑ LE
- ↓ healthcare costs can promote emotionally security
-
National – promotes country’s economy & productivity
- ↓ stress and absences in a workplace promotes a productive workforce which can help ↑ national income
- ↓ burden on healthcare system allows taxation money to be spent elsewhere (e.g. national education & infrastructure)
-
Global – promotes global trade of goods and services, peace, sustainability and economic development
- ↓ emergence or re-emergence of infectious disease
- ↑ people’s ability to engage freely in economic pursuits worldwide which ↑ global economic productivity
- ↓ conflict, promoting global peace and harmony
15
Q
Prerequisites for health
A
- Peace
- Income
- Sustainable resources
- Shelter
- Food
- Education
- Equity
- Stable ecosystem
- Social justice
- Determined by WHO as essential in achieving optimal HWB
- Have significant impacts on global health outcomes
TIP: PISS FEESS
16
Q
Peace as a prerequisite for health
A
- State of harmony, free from civil disturbance / conflict
- War and violence may cause injury (physical)
- Fear and anxiety due to violence (mental)
17
Q
Shelter as a prerequisite for health
A
- Housing that provides protection from external enviro
- Promotes privacy, safety & security, ↓ stress & anxiety (mental)
- Provides resources such as sanitation and heating (physical)
- Provides a place for people to gather & form relos (social)
18
Q
Education as a prerequisite for health
A
- Process of gaining knowledge and building skills, typically in environments such as school and university
- ↑ ability to work productively, providing sense of purpose (spiritual)
- ↑ health literacy and knowledge about nutrition (physical)
19
Q
Food as a prerequisite for health
A
- Adequate sustenance and nutrition
- Catching up w friends over a meal strengthens social networks
- Food insecurity can cause stress and anxiety (mental)
- Builds strong immune systems, ↓ the risk of disease (physical)
- Central to many cultures, strengthening certain beliefs (spiritual)
20
Q
Income as a prerequisite for health
A
- Money received through work, investments, social security
- Allows individuals to access nutritious food (physical)
- Providing for a family provides sense of purpose (spiritual)
- Earning an income increases confidence and optimism (mental)
21
Q
A stable ecosystem as a prerequisite for health
A
- Balance between living and non-living components of an ecosystem
- Provides spaces for leisure e.g. parks, promoting a relaxed state of mind (emotional)
- ↑ access to clean water, can ↓ waterborne disease (physical)
22
Q
Sustainable resources as a prerequisite for health
A
- Resources meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising resources of future generations
- Sustainable farming enables ongoing access to nutritious foods and prevents food crises (physical)
- Sustainable farming practices helps provide stable employment which can promote a sense of purpose (spiritual)
23
Q
Social justice as a prerequisite for health
A
- Involves everyone having equal opportunities, freedom from discrimination and fundamental human rights
- ↓ stress and anxiety about discrimination (mental)
- ↓ morbidity from injury via violent discrimination (physical)
24
Q
Equity as a prerequisite for health
A
- Being fair/just & catering for diff people’s needs
- Tailored support for disadvantaged groups ↑ emotional security
- Promotes employment and education opportunities, increasing opportunities to form relationships (social)
NOTE: Equality ≠ equity. Equity is about responding to people’s various needs, which could involve providing more support to those that need it. E.g. Low-income earners in Australia do not have to pay certain taxes imposed on the rest of the population.
25
Health status
- An **individual’s or a population’s overall health**, considering aspects such as life expectancy, amount of disability and levels of disease risk factors
26
Self-assessed health status
| Health status indicators
- An individual's **overall perception of their own health status** at a given point in time
- Subjective; relies on unique interpretations of health
- Influenced by:
- Presence / absence of disability, disease and illness
- Emotional and mental state (thought patterns)
- Access to healthcare
- Energy levels
27
Prevalence vs incidence
| Health status indicators
- **Prevalence** – no. **cases** of a particular disease or condition in the population at a given point in time
- **Incidence** – no. **new cases** of a particular disease or condition that arise in the population in a certain period of time
28
Morbidity vs mortality
| Health status indicators
- **Morbidity** – **ill health** in an individual and the levels of ill health in a given population
- Used to determine patterns of disease occurrence
- Data often more incomplete than mortality data
- **Mortality** – number of **deaths** in a population
- Routinely collected and readily available
29
Maternal, infant and under 5 mortality rate
| Health status indicators
- **Maternal** – no. deaths of women **during pregnancy, childbirth or within the six weeks after childbirth**
- Reflects inequities in income and access to healthcare
- Measured per 100,000 women who give birth
- **Infant** – no. deaths **among children aged under one**
- Measured per 1000 live births
- **U5MR** – no. deaths of **children under five**
- Also encompasses infant mortality
- Associated with a population’s access to education, level of economic development and availability of health services
- Measured per 1000 live births
30
Burden of disease
| Health status indicators
- Measurement of the **impact of disease and injuries**
- Measures the gap between current health status & an ideal situation where people live to an old age, free of disease/disability
- Developed to make international comparisons of health
- Measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs)
31
Disability-adjusted life years (DALY)
| Health status indicators
- A **measure of burden of disease**
- Calculated by adding YLL and YLD
- 1 DALY is equal to 1 healthy year of life lost due to premature death (YLL), disability or disease (YLD)
## Footnote
NOTE: When answering questions, you must say "X years of HEALTHY life lost."
32
Years of life lost (YLL) vs years of life lost to disability (YLD)
| Health status indicators
- **YLL** – healthy years of life lost **due to death**
- **Fatal** component of BOD
- **YLD** – healthy years of life lost **due to disease / injury**
- **Non-fatal** component of BOD
33
Life expectancy (LE) vs health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
| Health status indicators
- **LE** – **no. years a person is expected to live**, on the basis that current health conditions do not change
- **HALE** – **LE** at birth including an **adjustment for time spent in poor health**
- No. years one can expect to live in full health based on current rates of morbidity and mortality
34
Reasons for the increase in LE over time
- Improved **medical technology** (e.g. vaccines, antibiotics)
- Greater **awareness of health issues**
- Better **health promotion & disease prevention strategies**
- Better **public health** (e.g. access to water and sanitation)
35
Reasons for Australia's high LE
- **Effective public healthcare** (Medicare)
- **Health promotion** campaigns (e.g. SunSmart program)
- **Preventative strategies** (e.g. random breath tests)
- **P plate system**
