Chapter 1 Vocab

Question 1

The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behaviour without reference to mental processes.

Answer 1

Behaviourism

Question 2

Historically significant perspectives that emphasised the growth potential of healthy people; used personalised methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth.

Answer 2

Humanistic Psychology

Question 3

The scientific study of behaviour and mental process.

Answer 3

Psychology

Question 4

Controversy over how genes and experience influence psychological trait development and behaviour development.

Answer 4

Nature-Nurture Issue

Question 5

The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analysing any given phenomenon.

Answer 5

Levels of Analysis

Question 6

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis.

Answer 6

Biopsychosocial Approach

Question 7

Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

Answer 7

Basic Research

Question 8

Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems.

Answer 8

Applied Research

Question 9

A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living ad achieve a greater well-being.

Answer 9

Counselling Psychology

Question 10

A branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders.

Answer 10

Clinical Psychology

Question 11

A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatment as well as psychological treatment.

Answer 11

Psychiatry

Question 12

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

Answer 12

Hindsight Bias

Question 13

Thinking that dies not blindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions.

Answer 13

Critical Thinking

Question 14

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organises observations and predicts behaviours or events.

Answer 14

Theory

Question 15

A testable prediction, often implied by a theory.

Answer 15

Hypothesis

Question 16

A statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables.

Answer 16

Operational Definition

Question 17

Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and circumstances.

Answer 17

Replication

Question 18

A observation technique in which one person I studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal universal principles.

Answer 18

Case Study

Question 19

A technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviours of people, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of them.

Answer 19

Survey

Question 20

All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study.

Answer 20

Population

Question 21

A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion.

Answer 21

Random Sample

Question 22

Observing and recording behaviour in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation.

Answer 22

Naturalistic Observation

Question 23

A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other.

Answer 23

Correlation

Question 24

The perception of a relationship where none exists.

Answer 24

Illusory Correlation

Question 25

A research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors (independent variables) to observe the effect on some behaviour or mental process (the dependent variable). By random assignment of participants, the experimenter aims to control other relevant factors.

Answer 25

Experiment

Question 26

Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimising preexisting differences between those assigned to the different groups.

Answer 26

Random Assignment

Question 27

An experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant (blind) about whether the research participants have receives the treatment or a placebo.

Answer 27

Double-blind Procedure

Question 28

Experimental results caused by expectations alone; any effect on behaviour caused by the administration if an inert substance or condition, which is assumed to be an active agent.

Answer 28

Placebo Effect

Question 29

The group in an experiment that is exposed to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable.

Answer 29

Experimental Group

Question 30

The group in an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.

Answer 30

Control Group

Question 31

The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied.

Answer 31

Independent Variable

Question 32

The outcome factor; the variable that May change in response to manipulation a if the independent variable.

Answer 32

Dependent Variable

Question 33

The enduring behaviours, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Answer 33

Culture

Question 34

A study method incorporating five steps: Survey, Question, Read, Reherse, Review

Answer 34

SQ3R