Chapter 1 Vocabulary Flashcards
(149 cards)
0
Q
Developmental anatomy
A
•structural changes that occur between conception and birth
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Parts
2
Q
Embryology
A
8th week and earlier
3
Q
Two MICRO subjects in anatomy and physiology:
A
- cytology
* histology
4
Q
Cytology
A
Study of cells
5
Q
Histology
A
Study of tissue
6
Q
Two MACRO subjects of study
A
Gross anatomy
Surface anatomy
• no microscope necessary
7
Q
Gross anatomy
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Internal structure
Without microscope
8
Q
Surface anatomy
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External structure
9
Q
Physiology
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Process and function
10
Q
5 topics of physiology
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- cellular
- systemic
- neuro
- cardio
- exercise
11
Q
Cellular processes are
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•examines processes occurring in cells
12
Q
Systemic physiology
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•considers functions of organ systems
13
Q
Neurophysiology
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•focuses on nerve system
14
Q
Cardiovascular physiology
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•deals with the heart and blood vessels
15
Q
Pathology
A
•deals with disease and disfunction
16
Q
6 levels of organization
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- chemical
- cellular
- tissue
- organ
- organ system
- organism
17
Q
Chemical level of organization
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- interactions between atoms
- makes molecules
- function relates to structure
18
Q
Cellular level of organization
A
- basically structural and functional units of living organisms
- molecules make up organelles, organelles make cells
19
Q
Tissue level of organization
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- made of similar cells
* surrounding cells determine function of tissue
20
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Organ level of organization
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Tissue combine to create organ
21
Q
Organ system level of organization
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•organs combine to make organ system
22
Q
Organism level of organization
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•any living thing considered as a whole
23
Q
6 characteristics of life
A
- organization
- metabolism
- responsiveness
- growth
- development
- reproduction
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Organ systems of the body:
* integumentary
* skeletal
* muscular
* lymphatic
* respiratory
* digestive
* nervous
* endocrine
* cardiovascular
* urinary
* reproductive
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Integumentary
•skin: protection, prevents water loss
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Skeletal
•protections and support
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Muscular
* produces body movements
* maintains posture
* produces body heat
28
Lymphatic
•removes foreign substances from the blood
29
Respiratory
•exchanged O2 and CO2 between blood and air
30
Digestive
* chemical and mechanical processes of digestion
* nutrients absorption
* elimination of waste
31
Nervous
* regulatory system
* physiological processes
* intellectual functions
32
Endocrine
•regulatory
| Influences: metabolism, growth, reproduction
33
Cardiovascular
* transports nutrients, waste, gases and hormones through body
* immune response
34
Urinary
* pH balance
* ion balance
* water balance
35
Female reproductive system
* oocyte production
| * site of fertilization and fetal development
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Male reproductive system
* sperm reproduction
| * sperm transportation
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Set point range
•ideal normal value that maintains homeostasis
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Normal range
•fluctuation around the set point, maintaining homeostasis
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Negative feedback
•brings values back to set point
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Positive feedback
* moves variable away from set point
* responses aren't homeostatic
* positive implies when value deviates from norm, system makes deviation greater
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Anatomical position
* erect
| * palms forward
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Supine
•face up
43
Prone
•face down
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Forehead
•frontal
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Eye
Orbital
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Nose
•nasal
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Mouth
•oral
48
Ear
•otic
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Cheek
Buccal
50
Chin
Mental
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Neck
•cervical
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Collarbone
•clavicular
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Trunk
Thoracic
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Chest
•pectoral
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Breast
•mammary
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Breastbone
•sternal
57
Abdomen
Abdominal
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Navel
Umbilical
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Pelvis
Pelvic
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Groin
Inguinal
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Genital
•pubic
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Armpit
•axillary
63
Arm, bicep
•brachial
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Front of elbow
•Antecubital
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Forarm
•antebrachial
66
Wrist
•carpal
67
Palm
Palmar
68
Finger
Digital
69
Hand
Manual
70
Hip
Coxal
71
Thigh
Femoral
72
Kneecap
Patellar
73
Front leg/calf area
Crural
74
Ankle
Talus
75
Top of foot
Dorsum
76
Toes
Digital
77
Foot
Pedal
78
Skull
Cranial
79
Base of skull
Occipital
80
Back of neck
Nuchal
81
Shoulder blade
Scapular
82
Spinal column
Vertebral
83
Loin
Lumbar
84
Between hips
Sacral
85
Buttock
Gluteal
86
Perineum
Perineal
87
Point of shoulder
Acromial
88
Point of elbow
•olecranon
89
Back of hand
Dorsum
90
Behind knee
Popliteal
91
Calf
Sural
92
Sole
Plantar
93
Heel
Calcaneal
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Upper right abdominal region
•left hypochondriac
95
Middle upper region of abdomen
Epigastric region
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Upper left abdominal region
•right hypochondriac region
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Middle right abdominal region
•left lumbar region
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Middle abdominal region
•umbilical region
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Left middle abdominal region
•right lumbar region
100
Lower right abdominal region
Left iliac region
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Lower middle abdominal region
Hypogastric region
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Lower left region of abdominal
Right iliac region
103
Cavities of the body
* mediastinum
* thoracic
* abdominopelvic
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Mediastinum
* esophagus
* trachea
* blood vessels
* thymus
* heart
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Thoracic
Lungs
106
Lung cavity
Plural cavity
107
Heart cavity
Pericardial cavity
108
Abdominopelvic cavity
Peritoneal cavity
109
Mesenteries
* two layers of peritoneum
| * connect visceral peritoneum of subabdominopelvic organs together
110
Retroperitoneal
Organs not connected by mesentaries
| •attached to body wall
111
Where is the peritoneal cavity?
* between the visceral peritoneum and parietal peritoneum
| * in abdominopelvic cavity
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Serious membranes
* line the trunk cavities and cover organs
* visceral is inner
* parietal is outer
113
Pericardial cavity
•around heart
114
Pleural cavity
* covers lungs
* parietal pleura line inner surface thoracic wall, lateral surfaces of the mediastinum, and the superior surface of the diaphragm
115
Phospholipids
* double layer assembled to make a lipid bilayer
* polar hydrophilic head
* nonpolar hydrophobic tail
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Cholesterol
* 1/3 of lipid in membrane
| * the amount of cholesterol determines fluid nature of membrane
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Plasma membrane
•forms outer boundary of cell, through which the cells interacts with its external environment
118
Nucleus
* directs cell activity
* most of which happen in cell cytoplasm
* organelles in plasma membrane
119
3 functional characteristics of cells
* metabolism and energy use
* synthesis of molecules
* communication
120
Integral protein
•penetrate into bilayer
121
Peripheral proteins
* attached to either the inner or outer surface
| * contain regions made of amino acids with hydrophilic R groups
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Market molecules
•allow cells to identify other cells or molecules
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Glycoproteins
* market molecules
| * proteins with attached carbohydrates
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Glycolipids
* market molecules
| * lipids with attached carbs
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Cadherins
•proteins that attach cells to cells
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Integrins
proteins that attach cells to extracellular molecules
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Leak ion channels
•always open
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Gated ion channels
* can be opened or closed
| * takes electrical or chemical signal
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Electrical signal used to open or close gated ion channel:
Ligand
•small proteins that bind to then protons or glycoproteins
•called ligand gated ion channels
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Passive transport
* no energy necessary
| * inc: uniport, symport, antiport
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Carrier proteins
•move ions or molecules from one side of plasma membrane to another
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Uniporter
•one specific type if membrane across membrane
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Symporter
•two ions on same direction
134
Antiporter
•two different ions two directions
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Enzymes
•catalyze chemical reactions either inside or outside of the cell
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Active transport
* need ATP
| * ion pumps
137
3 membrane rules
* H20 gets across slowly
* ions never cross
* large molecules don't stress
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Glycocalyx
* identify function
| * adhesion function
139
Osmosis
* diffusion of water over a selectively permeable membrane
| * aquaporins (water channel proteins) increase membrane permeability
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Isotonic
•solute is equal In and outside of cell
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Hypertonic solution
Placed in solution and water flows out of cell
| •cell shrinks
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Hypotonic solution
* placed into solution and water moves into cell
* more solute in cell
* cell expands
143
Lysis
Ruptured cell, due to excess water
144
Secondary active transport
* active transport of ion out if cell
* establishing a concentration gradient
* the tendency for ions to move back in is greater
* other ion uses that energy to re enter cell with ion
145
Cytoskeleton
•supports cell and holds the nucleus and other organelles in place
146
Microtubules
```
•cell support and structure to cytoplasm
"Internal scaffolding"
•involved in cell division
•transport of intercellular materials
•form essential components of certain cell organelles ex; spindle fibers, cilia and flagella
```
147
Actin filaments
* structure to cytoplasm
* mechanical support for microvilli
* support plasma membrane
* define the shape of cell
148
Intermediate filaments
Mechanical strength for cells
