Chapter 1 What is Biopsychology?

Question 1

Psychologists working in neuroscience specialize in……

Answer 1

Biopsychology

Question 2

Biopsychology

Answer 2

a branch of psychology
also called psychobiology or physiological psychology
study of the relationship between behavior and the body, particularly the brain

Question 3

Behavior

Answer 3

overt acts
internal events (learning, thinking, emotions)

Question 4

Monism (materialistic monism)

Answer 4

mind and the body consist of the same substances

Question 5

dualism

Answer 5

mind and body are separate

Question 6

Model/theory

Answer 6

proposed mechanism for how something works

Question 7

Descartes (1600s) believed……

Answer 7

behavior was controlled by animal spirits flowing through the nerves
Pineal gland pumped animal spirits through the brain thus creating a mind and body interaction
pineal gland became the seat of the soul

Question 8

Empiricism

Answer 8

gathering information through observation rather than logic, intuition, or other means

Question 9

Italian physiologist Luigi Galvani….

Answer 9

makes frog leg muscle twitch 1700s

Question 10

German scientists Fritsch and Hitzig…..

Answer 10

Using exposed brains of dogs, showed that nerves and electricity caused movement, not animal spirits

Question 11

Helmholtz demonstrated that……

Answer 11

nerves do not behave exactly like electrical wires

Question 12

Helmholtz studies in….

Answer 12

hearing and vision were the first idea of a mechanistic mind

Question 13

The idea that….

Answer 13

specific areas of the brain carry out specific functions

Question 14

Neuroscience

Answer 14

multidisciplinary study of the nervous system and its role in behavior

Question 15

1848 the case of Phineas Gage

Answer 15

construction foreman who was injured during a dynamite blast that drove an iron rod through the skull and frontal lobes of his brain
he had no problems with memory, intelligence, speech, or movement
became irresponsible, profane, and didn’t follow social norms

Question 16

1861 French physician Paul Broca

Answer 16

autopsied the brain of a man who lost the ability to speak after a stroke
showed that damage was limited to an area on the left side of the brain called Broca’s area

Question 17

Phrenology

Answer 17

emotion and intellect were located in a precise area of the brain as indicated by the bumps on the skull

Question 18

Equipotentiality

Answer 18

the brain functions as an undifferentiated whole

extent of damage, not location, determines how much function is lost

Question 19

Diathesis Stress Model

Answer 19

Diathesis: vulnerability to psychological disorders
genetic inheritance
bio processes like brain abnormalities or neurotransmitter problems
early learning experiences

Environmental Stressors
noxious physical stressors
relationship/job problems
trauma, abuse, neglect

Question 20

Gene

Answer 20

biological unit that directs cellular processes and transmits inherited characteristics

Question 21

Our cells have……

Answer 21

46 chromosomes (23 pairs)
our chromosomes are numbered except for sex chromosomes
Females have two X chromosomes
Males have one X and one Y chromosome

Question 22

DNA

Answer 22

deoxyribonucleic acid

double stranded chain of chemical molecules that looks like a twisted ladder (double helix)

Question 23

Each rug of DNA has….

Answer 23

2 of 4 nucleotides

Question 24

Nucleotides of DNA include….

Answer 24

Adenine
Thymine
Guanine
Cytosine

Question 25

The Human Genome Project

Answer 25

1990-Geneticists around the world began a project to identify all of the genes in our chromosomes (human genome) Goals: Map the location of all genes determine the gene's codes in 2000, the rough draft of human genome was presented in 2005, the entire genome has been sequenced

Question 26

Neurons

Answer 26

specialized cells that convey sensory information into the brain carry out operations involved in thought, feeling, and action transmit commands out into the body to control muscles and organs about 100 billion neurons in the brain 10% of the total brain cells 90% are glial cells

Question 27

Cell Body/Soma

Answer 27

contains nucleus, chromosomes

Question 28

dendrites

Answer 28

extensions that branch out from the cell body to receive information from other neurons

Question 29

Axons

Answer 29

extends like a tail from the cell body and carries information to other loations

Question 30

Myelin Sheath

Answer 30

wraps around the axon as "insulation"

Question 31

End bulbs/terminals

Answer 31

swellings at the end of an axon, contains neurotransmitters

Question 32

Neuortransmitters

Answer 32

chemical substances that transmit nerve impulses

Question 33

2 key types of Neurons

Answer 33

motor neurons | sensory neurons

Question 34

Motor Neurons

Answer 34

carries commands to the muscles and organs

Question 35

Sensory neurons

Answer 35

carries information from the body and outside world into the brain and spinal cord

Question 36

Polarization

Answer 36

difference in the electrical charge between inside and outside of the cell

Question 37

Resting potential

Answer 37

difference in electrical charge when neurons is at rest | -40 to -80 mV (millivolts)

Question 38

Action Potential

Answer 38

an abrupt depolarization of the membrane that allows neurons to communicate

Question 39

Key Chemicals

Answer 39

``` Sodium Ions (Na+) Potassium Ions (K+) Chloride (Cl-) Amino Acids (A-) ```

Question 40

How do brain cells communicate?

Answer 40

electrochemically