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Psychology 1000 > Chapter 1 - What is Psychology? > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - What is Psychology? Flashcards

1
Q

What is Psychology?

A

The Scientific Study of the mind, brain and behaviour

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2
Q

What are the levels of analysis?

A

Biological, Psychological, and Social culture influences

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3
Q

Human behaviour is difficult to predict; psychological influences are rarely independent, people differ from each other, people influence each other and people’s behaviour is shaped by culture are all examples of?

A

Challenges of Psychology

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4
Q

What do people often confuse culture with?

A

Nationality

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5
Q

What is an emic approach?

A

Investigators study the behaviour of culture from someone who is involved in the culture

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6
Q

What is an Etic approach?

A

Investigators study the behaviour of culture from an outsider’s perspective

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7
Q

What is reciprocal determinism?

A

The fact that we mutually influence each other’s behaviour

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8
Q

What is naive realism?

A

The belief that we see the world precisely as it is

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9
Q

What is Empiricism?

A

The belief that knowledge should initially be acquired through observation.

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10
Q

What is a scientific theory?

A

An explanation for a large number of findings in the natural world

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11
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Testable prediction derived from a scientific theory

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12
Q

What are examples of biases in psychology?

A

Confirmation bias, Belief perseverance
Metaphysical claims

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13
Q

What is confirmation bias?

A

Tendency to seek out evidence that supports our hypotheses and deny, dismiss or distort evidence that contradicts them.

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14
Q

What is belief perseverance?

A

Tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

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15
Q

What are metaphysical claims?

A

The assertion about the world that is not testable

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16
Q

What is Pseudoscience?

A

Set of claims that seem scientific but isn’t

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17
Q

What is the Ad Hoc immunizing hypothesis?

A

escape hatch/loophole that defenders of a theory use to protect their theory from falsification

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18
Q

What is Patternicity?

A

tendency to detect meaningful patterns in random stimuli

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19
Q

What are logical fallacies?

A

Traps in thinking that can lead to mistaken conclusions

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20
Q

What are examples of logical fallacies?

A

emotional reasoning, bandwagon and “not me” fallacies

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21
Q

What is the emotional reasoning fallacy?

A

The error of using our emotions as guides for evaluating the validity of a claim.

22
Q

What is the bandwagon fallacy?

A

The error of assuming that a claim is correct just because many people believe it

23
Q

What is the “not me” fallacy?

A

The error of believing that we’re immune from errors in thinking that afflict other people

24
Q

What is a bias blind spot?

A

unawareness of own biases but aware of them for others

25
Q

What is Scientific Skepticism?

A

A willingness to have an open mind to all claims and accept claims after scientific tests.

26
Q

What is Scientific/Critical thinking?

A

set of skills for evaluating all claims in an open-minded/careful fashion

27
Q

Ruling out rival hypotheses, Correlation vs. causation, Falsifiability, Replicability, Extraordinary claims, and Occam’s razor are examples of what?

A

principles of scientific thinking

28
Q

Who was William Wondt?

A

First “Psychologist” and created first-ever formal laboratory for Psychology research

29
Q

Structuralism, Functionalism, Behaviorism, Cognitivism and Psychoanalysis are examples of what?

A

theoretical perspectives in psychology

30
Q

What is behaviourism in psychology?

A

uncovering the general laws of learning by focusing on external/observable elements

31
Q

What is Cognitivism in psychology?

A

Understanding mental processes underlying thinking in a variety of contexts

32
Q

What is Functionalism in Psychology?

A

Understanding the adaptive purposes of psychological characteristics

33
Q

What is structuralism in psychology?

A

Identifying the most fundamental elements of psychological experiences

34
Q

What is psychoanalysis in psychology?

A

Uncovering the internal processes we are unaware of

35
Q

How many psychologists are there worldwide?

A

1,000,000

36
Q

What are the 8 different types of psychologists?

A

Clinical, counselling, school, developmental, experimental, biological, forensic and industrial/organizational

37
Q

What does a clinical psychologist do?

A

performs assessments, diagnoses and treatment for mental disorders within universities, mental health centers or private practice

38
Q

What does a counselling psychologist do?

A

Work with people experiencing temporary/self-contained life problems. Works at counselling centers, hospitals, or private practice

39
Q

What does a school psychologist do?

A

Works with teachers, parents and students to remedy student issues

40
Q

What does a developmental psychologist do?

A

Study how/why people change over time. Usually work at study centers.

41
Q

What does an experimental psychologist do?

A

Use research methods to study humans’ memory, language, thinking and social behaviours. Work in research settings

42
Q

What does a biological psychologist do?

A

Examines the physiological bases of behaviour in animals/humans. Most work in research settings

43
Q

What does a forensic psychologist do?

A

works in prisons and jails to assess and diagnose inmates and assist with rehabilitation/treatment

44
Q

What does an industrial/organizational psychologist do?

A

Work in companies/businesses to help select productive employees, evaluate performance and examine the effects of working/living conditions on people’s behaviour

45
Q

What are some of the “great debates” in Psychology

A

Nature vs. Nurture and Freewill-determinism

46
Q

What is the nature vs. nurture debate?

A

Is behaviour attributed to our genes or our environment

47
Q

What is the free will-determinism debate?

A

Are our behaviours freely selected or caused by other factors

48
Q

What is evolutionary psychology?

A

discipline that applies Darwin’s theory of natural selection to human/animal behaviour

49
Q

What is basic research?

A

examines how the mind works

50
Q

What is applied research?

A

examines how we can use basic research to solve real-world problems

Psychology 1000 (14 decks)

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