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Global Environment (MCC) > Chapter 10 & 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 & 11 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Define Evaporation

A

liquid to a gaseous state

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2
Q

Define Condensation

A

gaseous to liquid state

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3
Q

Define Precipitation

A

Water falling from the atmosphere

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4
Q

Define Transpiration

A

through plants

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5
Q

Define Runoff

A

Excess liquid water flowing off the surface

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6
Q

Define Infiltration

A

Downward movement of water into the soil

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7
Q

Define Percolation

A

Flow of water through soil and porous or fractured rock

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8
Q

What percent of water is seawater?

A

97.5%

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9
Q

What percent of water is freshwater?

A

2.5%

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10
Q

What percent of freshwater is fresh surface water?

A

0.03%

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11
Q

Define Surface Water

A

Precipitation that remains on the surface of the land

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12
Q

Examples of surface water

A

Streams, rivers, lakes, ponds & wetlands

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13
Q

Define groundwater

A

Freshwater stored underground

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14
Q

Define Zone of aeration

A

Shallow layer of soil containing both air and water.

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15
Q

Define Zone of saturation

A

Lower soil layer with pores filled with water

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16
Q

Define Water Table

A

Top of zone of saturation that supplies most wells

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17
Q

Define Capillary action

A

the ability of a substance to draw another substance into it

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18
Q

Define Porosity

A

open spaces in soil

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19
Q

Define Permeability

A

the ease with which air or water passes through soil

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20
Q

What are recharge Zones?

A

-Areas where surface water filters into an aquifer

• Contaminants can also enter aquifers through recharge zones

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21
Q

Define Turbidity

A

A measure of water clarity

• Clear water has a low turbidity.

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22
Q

What type of water hold more oxygen?

A

Cold

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23
Q

What does dissolved oxygen tell us?

A

how much oxygen is available in the water

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24
Q

What factors effect DO?

A

-Temperature
• Pollution
• The speed and composition of the stream bottom

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25
What is an Oligotrophic lake?
Unenriched, clear water, supports small populations of aquatic organisms
26
What is a Eutrophic Lake?
High nutrient, poor light, low DO, Shallow water, high algae growth, warm water fish
27
What are dead zones?
Areas in water with low oxygen levels
28
Define Hypoxia
low oxygen condition in a dead zone
29
Define Eutrophication
The presence of too much nitrogen or phosphorus in surface water can cause algae or vegetation to grow excessively. Depletes DO levels
30
What does Eutrophication result in?
Dead Zones
31
What are the effects of dead zones?
-Threatens biodiversity | • Coastal fisheries
32
What does Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) mean?
The amount of oxygen that microorganisms need to decompose biological wastes into carbon dioxide, water, and minerals.
33
What does a high BOD mean?
Polluted water
34
What causes HARD water?
Calcium and magnesium
35
What is point source pollution?
Traced to specific sources -Discrete & identifiable • Easy to monitor & regulate
36
What is an example of point source pollution?
drain pipes, ditches, or sewer outfalls
37
What is non-point pollution?
Diffuse, have no single point of entry or no specific location where they discharge
38
What is an example of non-point source pollution?
Runoff
39
What is Aquifer depletion?
Removal of groundwater faster than it can be recharged by precipitation or melting snow
40
What causes Aquifer depletion?
– Lowering of the water table – Subsidence – Saltwater intrusion
41
Define saltwater intrusion
Movement of seawater into a freshwater aquifer
42
What is the Ogallala Aquifer?
Used for irrigation of crops
43
Where is the Ogallala Aquifer Located?
US: Great Plains- through 8 states
44
What are the problems with the Ogallala Aquifer?
It is overdrawn from and is being used faster then what can be replenished
45
Colorado river basin issues?
* Very less flow as it reaches Pacific Ocean in Mexico | * Salinization
46
Colorado River basin causes?
Drought • Water diversion for irriga1on: (1922 Colorado river Compact)
47
Define Salinization
the process by which water-soluble salts accumulate in the soil
48
Salinization Causes and Effects
Overuse of irrigation water | The salt from that kills roots
49
Aral Sea Crisis: Issues
Main body of the sea has lost more than 80% of its volume, leaving vast toxic salt flats
50
Aral Sea Crisis: Causes
diverted to irrigate nearby codon & rice fields.
51
Waste Water treatment: Primary
– Mechanical process: Screens, gravitational settling – Suspended and floating articles removed – Product: Primary sludge
52
Waste Water Treatment: Secondary
-- Biological treatment: Aeration tanks – Aerobic microorganisms to decompose suspended organic matter – Product: Secondary sludge
53
How is sludge Handled?
Incineration Sanitary landfill Anaerobic digestion Application to soil as a ferltiizer
54
What are some advantages to wastewater treatment?
– Less expensive – Wildlife habitat – Human recreation
55
1977 Clean Water Act:
EPA sets and monitors national emission limitations
56
National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
requires an easily revoked permit for any industry, municipality, or other entity dumping wastes in surface waters
57
1974: Safe Drinking Water Act
Uniform Federal standards for drinking water
58
Grand Coulee Dam
Largest hydropower producer in the US
59
Three Gorges Dam, China
Worlds largest Dam
60
Overfishing
-Harvesting of fishes faster than they can reproduce | • Many commercially fish species are severely depleted
61
What percent of the world stock if overfished?
90%
62
Define Bycatch
Fish unintentionally caught
63
What is Aquaculture
Fish farming or growing of aquatic organisms for human consumption
64
What is coral bleaching?
whitening of coral that results from the loss of a coral's symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) or the degradation of the algae's photosynthetic pigment

Global Environment (MCC) (8 decks)

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