Chapter 10 Flashcards
(45 cards)
Define “need”
resource, condition required for” personal well-being
Define “motive”
obtain, avoid an external object, condition
What is an incentive?
external object, condition that evokes behaviors at attaining or avoiding it
what is a goal
state of achievement, objective (short-term goal; long-term goal)
How does Milton Roekeach define values
enduring belief that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end-state of existence.
Henry Murray (1938) – typology of human needs
Abasement
achievement
affiliation
aggression
autonomy
counteraction
defendance
deference
dominance
exhibition
harm avoidance
nurturance
order
play
rejection
sentience
sex
succorance
understanding
Maslow’s Need Hierarchy (1954)
self actualization needs
esteem needs
belongingness needs
safety needs
physiological needs
Clayton Alderfer’s ERG (1972)
Growth needs
Relatedness needs
Existence needs
Philip E. Crewson (1995) view on needs
lower-level employees focus on material rewards, job security and benefits
managers and executives need accomplishment and challenge
What are Milton Rokeach (1973) terminal values
human values, basic components of motivation
- terminal values
- A comfortable (prosperous) life
- An exiting (simulating) life
- A sense of accomplishment (lasting contribution)
- A world at peace (free of war and conflict)
- A world of beauty (of nature and the arts)
- Equality (brotherhood, equal opportunity for all)
- Family security (tacking care of loved ones)
- Free (independence, free choice)
- Happiness (contentedness)
- Inner harmony (freedom from inner conflict)
- Mature love (sexual and spiritual intimacy)
- National security (protection from attack)
- Pleasure (an enjoyable, leisurely life)
- Salvation (eternal life)
- Self-respect (self-esteem)
- Social recognition (respect, admiration)
- Ture Friendship (close companionship)
- Wisdom (a mature understanding of life)
What are Milton Rokeach (1973) instrumental values
human values, basic components of motivation
- Ambitious (hard working, aspiring)
- Broad-minded (open-minded)
- Capable (competent, effective)
- Cheerful (lighthearted, joyful)
- Clean (neat, tidy)
- Courageous (standing up for one’s beliefs)
- Forgiving (willing to pardon others)
- Helpful (working for the welfare of others)
- Honest (sincere, truthful)
- Imaginative (daring,, creative)
- Independent (self-reliant, self-sufficient)
- Intellectual (intelligent, reflective)
- Logical (consistent, rational)
- Loving (affectionate, tender)
- Obedient (dutiful, respectful)
- Polite (courteous, well-mannered)
- responsible (dependable, reliable)
- Self-controlled (restrained, self-disciplined)
What do organizational leaders do?
maintain flow of resources to organization to cover incentives (Chester Barnard, 1938; James March and Herbert Simon, 1958; Herbert Simon, 1948)
What are Clark and Wilson (1961) and Wilson (1973) typology of organizations based on the primary incentive offered to participants.
- Material incentives: tangible rewards, often monetary—wages, fringe benefits, patronage
- Solidary incentives: intangible rewards from the act of association—sociability, status
- Purposive incentives: intangible rewards related to the goals of the organization—for example, working on an election of a supported candidate
What are Anthony Downs typology of public administrators
Some administrators are self-interested, some are climbers trying to achieve higher authority, some are conservers who defend their current position and resources and some have mixed motives. They break down into 3 categories.
- zealots- seek to advance a specific policy or program
- advocates - promote and defend an agency or a more comprehensive policy domain
- statesmen - pursue a more general public interest.
What is a service ethic
desire to serve the public. Also known as public service motivation (PSM)
What is Public Service Motivation (PSM)
work that benefits society
Public Service motivation is
work that benefits society and includes development of theories of public management and behavior in public organizations
How do James Perry and Lois Wise (1990) define PSM?
- an individual’s predisposition to respond to motives grounded primarily or uniquely in public institutions and organizations.”
- They separate motives into three categories:
- Rational (instrumental) - grounded in enlightened self-interest and are present in individuals who believe that their interests coincide with those of the larger community. Participation in policy formulation and commitment to a public program (personal identification), advocacy for special, private interest
- Norm-based - desire to serve the public interest, loyalty to duty and to government, and devotion to social equity
- Affective - are characterized by a willingness or desire to help others. Commitment to a program based on convictions about its social importance and the “patriotism of benevolence
What is ‘patriotism of benevolence’
H. George Frederickson and David K. Hart (1985)
“affection for people in nation, devotion to defending basic rights granted by enabling documents such as the Constitution
How did James L Perry (1996) contribute to PSM research
dimensions of general public service motive, ways of assessing it (researchers, practicing managers, professionals – what is meant by PSM, how to measure it)
- 4 dimensions
- Attraction - The give and take of public policy making appeals (or doesn’t) to me
- Commitment to public interest - I unselfishly contribute to my community; meaningful public service is very important to me
- Compassion - I am often (or rarely) moved by the plight of the underprivileged; to me, patriotism includes seeing to the welfare of others
- Self-sacrifice - I believe in putting duty before self; much of what I do is for a cause bigger than myself; I feel people should give back to society more than they get from it.
What conclusions did Gene A. Brewer, Sally C. Selden and Rex L. Facer (2000) form about PSM
based on Perry’s work but seeks to identify how peoples conceptions of public service vary
- Four typologies
- •Samaritans – strong motivation to help people
- Communitarians – motivated to perform civic duties
- Patriots – work for causes related to public good
- Humanitarians – strong motivation to pursue social justice
Likely to vary at the individual and organizational level.
What is the ‘motivation crowding’ hypothesis
pay can diminish intrinsic motives (self-determination) such as PSM
How does Michael M. Gruneberg, (1979) define job satisfaction?
how individual feels about their job and various aspects about it (positive or negative)
Attitudes and behaviors related to job satisfaction
absenteeism,
intention to quit
actually quitting
