Chapter 10 Flashcards
The process whereby a preexisting cell divides to form two new cells. Enables an organism to grow, reproduce, and repair damaged tissues and organs.
cell division
An organism or cell with two copies of each type of chromosome in its nucleus.
diploid
The two chromosomes of each pair in a diploid cell—one of the pair derives from the maternal parent and the other derives from the paternal parent. Homologous chromosomes have the same genes, in the same order, in their DNA.
homologous chromosomes
An organism or cell with only one copy of of each type of chromosome in its nuclei.
haploid
A complex of DNA and protein in a eukaryotic nucleus.
chromatin
One of two exact copies of a chromosome duplicated during replication.
sister chromatids
A specialized chromosomal region that connects sister chromatids and attaches them to the mitotic spindle.
centromere
The chromosomes that result after sister chromatids separate.
daughter chromosomes
The inhibition of movement or proliferation of normal cells that results from cell-cell contact.
contact inhibition
A gene capable of inducing one or more characteristics of cancer cells.
oncogenes
The process of splitting or dividing a prokaryotic cell into two parts.
binary fission
Any mode of reproduction in which a single individual gives rise to offspring without fusion of gametes; that is, without input from another individual
sexual reproduction
A haploid cell, an egg or sperm. Haploid cells fuse during sexual reproduction to form a diploid zygote.
gametes
The division of diploid cells to haploid progeny, consisting of two sequential rounds of nuclear and cellular division.
meiosis
Any of the cells of an organism’s body other than reproductive cells.
somatic cells
The fusion of the nuclei of an egg and sperm cell, which initiates development of a new individual.
fertilization
A fertilized egg.
zygote
One of two or more versions of a gene.
alleles
The failure of homologous pairs to separate during the first meiotic division or of chromatids to separate during the second meiotic division.
nondisjunction
Chromosomes that are different in male and female individuals of the same species.
sex chromosomes
The recombination process in meiosis, in which chromatids exchange segments.
crossing-over
Mendel’s principal that the alleles of the genes that govern two characters assort independently during formation of gametes. Mechanistically this is the case because any combination of chromosomes may be segregated to the spindle poles during meiosis I.
independent assortment
