Chapter 10

Question 1

Compare and Contrast asexual and sexual reproduction

Answer 1

Asexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction where off spring are produced without the involvement of gametes or the fusion of genetic material from two parents. It results in genetically identical offspring, ensuring genetic uniformity.

Question 2

How are genes inherited?

Answer 2

Genes are inherited through the transmission of DNA from parents to offspring. Offspring receive a combination of genes from both parents, influencing their traits and characteristics.

Question 3

How does a life cycle look in eukaryotes?

Answer 3

The life cycle consists of alternating stages of haploid and diploid phases. It typically involves the processes of mitosis and meiosis, leading to the formation of gametes and the development of multicellular organisms

Question 4

How are chromosomes displayed in a karyotype?

Answer 4

Chromosomes are arranged and displayed according to size, shape, and banding patterns. This visual representation helps identify chromosomal abnormalities and genetic disorders.

Question 5

What are the different parts of a chromosome?

Answer 5

Chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids connected by a centromere. Each chromatid contains a double helix of DNA, and specific genes are located at particular positions along the chromosome.

Question 6

Diploid vs. Haploid Cells

Answer 6

A diploid cell has two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent, while a haploid cell has only one set of chromosomes. Diploid cells are found in the most somatic cells, while haploid cells are involved in the formation of gametes.

Question 7

How do chromosomes behave in the human life cycle?

Answer 7

Chromosomes behave different during the human life cycle, undergoing mitosis for somatic cell division and meiosis for the formation of gametes, ensuring the preservation of the diploid state in most cells.

Question 8

Steps of meiosis

Answer 8

Meiosis involves two sequential divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II, each with specific phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase. Meiosis I reduces the chromosome number and Meiosis II further divides the chromatids.

Question 9

What is crossing over in Meiosis?

Answer 9

Crossing over occurs during meiosis I when homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. This process contributes to genetic diversity by creating new combinations of alleles on chromosomes.

Question 10

How do life cycles vary in different organisms?

Answer 10

Life cycles vary among organisms, including differences in the duration of haploid and diploid phases, the number of divisions during meiosis, and the contribution of sexual and asexual reproduction to offspring.

Question 11

How does meiosis affect the number of chromosome sets in a cell?

Answer 11

Meiosis reduces the number of chromosomes sets in a cell from diploid to haploid, ensuring the correct chromosome number in gametes

Question 12

Meiosis vs. Mitosis

Answer 12

Mitosis results in two identical daughter cells, maintaining the chromosome number, while meiosis produces four non-identical haploid cells, introducing genetic diversity.

Question 13

How is genetic variation produced in sexual life cycles?

Answer 13

Genetic variation in sexual life cycles is produced through the independent assortment of chromosomes, crossing over, and fertilization, which combines unique genetic material from two parents.

Question 14

How does crossing over affect chromosomes during meiosis?

Answer 14

Crossing over enhances genetic diversity during meiosis by shuffling genetic material between homologous chromosomes, leading to the formation of recombinant chromosomes.

Question 15

What does independent assortment of chromosomes mean?

Answer 15

Independent assortment refers to the random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, contributing to genetic diversity by creating various combinations of alleles in gametes.

Question 16

What is evolutionary significance of genetic variation within populations?

Answer 16

Genetic variation within populations is crucial for evolution. It provides the raw material for natural selection, allowing populations to adapt to change environments over time.

Question 17

Gametes

Answer 17

Gametes are specialized reproductive cells (Sperm and egg in animals, pollen and ovule in plants) that fuse during fertilization to form a new organism. They are haploid cells containing half the usual chromosome number.

Question 18

Chromosome number

Answer 18

Chromosome number represents the total count of chromosomes in a cells nucleus. In humans, for example, the chromosome number is typically 46, organized into 23 pairs.

Question 19

Karyotype

Answer 19

A vital representation of individuals chromosomes arranged by size, shape, and banding patterns. It helps identify chromosomal abnormalities or genetic disorders.

Question 20

Somatic Cells

Answer 20

Non-reproductive cells that make up body tissues and organs of an organism. They are diploid and undergo mitosis for growth, development, and repair.

Question 21

Ploidy

Answer 21

Refers to the number of sets of chromosomes in a cell. Haploid cells have one set, while diploid cells have two sets

Question 22

Homologs (Homologous)

Answer 22

Homologs are chromosomes that pair during meiosis and contain genes for the same traits at corresponding locations,. they may have different alleles, contributing to genetic diversity.

Question 23

Haploid

Answer 23

refers to a cell that has one complete set of chromosomes. Gametes are typically haploid cells.

Question 24

Diploid

Answer 24

Diploid refers to a cell that has two complete sets of chromosomes. Most somatic cells in animals are diploid

Question 25

Fertilization

Answer 25

The process where male and female gametes fuse to form a zygote, which developed into a new organism with a complete set of chromosomes

Question 26

Meiosis I and II

Answer 26

Two divisions of meiosis, a process that reduces the chromosome number and produces haploid cells.The phases include prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase, all occurring twice in meiosis.

Question 27

Crossing over

Answer 27

Crossing over is a process during meiosis where homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material. It contributes to genetic diversity by creating new combinations off alleles.

Question 28

Chiasma (ta)

Answer 28

the points where chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material during crossing over in meiosis

Question 29

Synapsis

Answer 29

Synapsis is the pairing of homologous chromosomes during the early stages of meiosis, ensuring proper exchange of genetic material

Question 30

Recombination

Answer 30

Recombination is the creation of new combinations of genetic material through processes like crossing-over during meiosis

Question 31

Independent assortment

Answer 31

The random distribution of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, leading to diverse combinations of alleles in the gametes

Question 32

Recombinant chromosomes

Answer 32

Formed during crossing over in meiosis when genetic material is exchanged between homologous chromosomes, crating chromosomes with new combinations of genes.