Chapter 10

Question 1

organized combination of attributes, motives, values, and behaviors that is unique to each individual

Answer 1

personality

Question 2

set of relatively enduring dimensions or qualities of personality along which people differ

Answer 2

dispositional traits

Question 3

one’s perception of their unique attributes or traits

Answer 3

self-concept

Question 4

overall evaluation of one’s worth as a person based on all the positive and negative self-perceptions

Answer 4

self-esteem

Question 5

sense of who one is, where one is going, and how one fits into society

Answer 5

identity

Question 6

psychosocial conflict in which infants must learn to rely on others to meet their needs

Answer 6

trust vs mistrust

Question 7

theory that defines personality as a set of dispositional trait dimensions

Answer 7

trait theory

Question 8

set of dimensions used to characterize personalities: neuroticism, extraversion, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness

Answer 8

Big Five

Question 9

ability to identify oneself in a mirror or photograph; usually around 18 months of age

Answer 9

self-recognition

Question 10

characteristic mode of response in which the individual is content and open to new experiences

Answer 10

easy temperament

Question 11

characteristic mode of response in which the individual is irregular in habits and adapts slowly

Answer 11

difficult temperament

Question 12

characteristic mode of response in which the individual is moody and mildly resistant to new experiences

Answer 12

slow-to-warm-up temperament

Question 13

dimension of temperament involving the tendency to actively approach new experiences in an emotionally positive way

Answer 13

surgency/extraversion

Question 14

dimension of temperament involving the tendency to be sad, fearful, easily frustrated, and irritable

Answer 14

negative affectivity

Question 15

dimension of personality involving the ability to sustain attention and regulate one’s emotions and behavior

Answer 15

effortful control

Question 16

extent to which the child’s temperament and the demands of their social environment are compatible

Answer 16

goodness of fit

Question 17

process of defining and evaluating the self through analyzing similarities with other people

Answer 17

social comparison

Question 18

psychosocial conflict in which toddlers attempt to demonstrate their independence from and control over others

Answer 18

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Question 19

psychosocial conflict in which preschool children develop a sense of purpose by devising bold plans

Answer 19

initiative vs guilt

Question 20

psychosocial conflict in which school-ages children must master important cognitive and social skills or feel incompetent

Answer 20

industry vs inferiority

Question 21

psychosocial conflict in which adolescents must form a coherent self-definition or remain uncertain about life direction

Answer 21

identity vs role confusion

Question 22

time when youths have few responsibilities and can experiment with different roles to find their identities

Answer 22

moratorium period

Question 23

sense of personal identification with one’s ethnic or racial group and its values and cultural traditions

Answer 23

ethnic/racial identity

Question 24

glorified belief of what one’s attributes and personality should be like

Answer 24

ideal self

Question 25

prejudice and discrimination against elderly people

Answer 25

ageism

Question 26

application of commonly held beliefs of one’s group to oneself

Answer 26

self-stereotyping

Question 27

shift toward greater emotional stability, agreeableness, and conscientiousness from adolescence to middle adulthood

Answer 27

maturity principle

Question 28

psychosocial conflict in which young adults must commit themselves to a shared identity or remain unconnected

Answer 28

intimacy vs isolation

Question 29

psychosocial conflict in which middle-aged adults must gain the capacity to learn about future generations

Answer 29

generativity vs stagnation

Question 30

psychosocial conflict in which older adults accept their identity and the inevitability of death

Answer 30

integrity vs despair